SciOly - Cell Biology

Cells

What contains highly organized molecular and biochemical systems that are used to store information? We have over 100 trillion in our body.

energy

Cells use \____ to function?

capable

Cells are (capable/uncapable) of movement

True

T/F Cells sense environmental changes

True

T/F Cells can duplicate (transfer genetic information to offspring)

True

T/F Cells are capable of self regulation

Prokaryotic

(Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?)
single cell

Prokaryotic

(Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?) nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic

(Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?) includes most cells

Eukaryotic

(Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?) organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

cell membrane

What organelle:
-regulates which molecules enter/exit cell through its selective permeability

Mitochondria

What organelle:
-produces ATP
-site of Cell Respiration and ETC

mitochondria

What organelle:
-inner and outer membrane
-folds of inner membrane creates cristae
-fluid called the matrix

cell membrane

What organelle:
-made up of a phospholipid bilayer, covered w/ cholesterol and proteins.

centrioles

What organelle:
-9 triplets of microtubules

centrioles

What organelle:
-form spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during cell division

vacuoles

What organelle:
-store food or nutrients a cell needs to survive
-can store waste products
-in plants AND animals (larger in plants)

vacuoles

What organelle:
-membrane bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell

lysosomes

What organelle:
-contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris
-"stomach of the cell"
-digest excess/worn out organelles, food particules, + engulfed viruses/bacteria

nuclear envelope

What organelle:
-double layered membrane
-separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides structural framework

nucleus

nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear pore are the four parts of the \_____?

nucleolus

What organelle:
-round body located inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cell
-no membrane

nucleolus

What organelle:
-makes RNA

chromatin

What organelle:
-made of DNA and histones

nuclear pore

What organelle:
-allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope

nucleus

What organelle:
-directs all activity of the cell

ribosomes

What organelle:
-creates proteins
-translates RNA
-bound to endoplasmic reticulum

golgi

What organelle:
-gathers simple sugars and combines them to make complex molecules, package them into vesicles, and stores them/sends them out of the cell through the ER

microfilaments

What organelle:
-long, thin, stringy proteins
-form cytoskeleton
-form stucture that allow cell to hold its shape, move and move organelles

microtubules

What organelle:
-thick, strong spirals of 1000s of subunits proteins
-made of tubulin
-form cytoskeleton

rough ER

What organelle:
-coated with ribosomes (bumpy)
-consists of stacks of flattened sacs

rough ER

What organelle:
-produces and exports proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones out of the cell

smooth ER

What organelle:
-doesnt have ribosomes
-creates and stores lipids and steroids

cytoplasm

What organelle:
-fluid in cell
-contains all organelles and cell parts
-contains enzymes responsible for metabolic activity

support

What are these organelles' function:
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and microtubles

controls material entering and leaving

What are these organelles' function:
cell membrane, pores

internal transport system

What are these organelles' function: endoplasmic reticulum

energy

What are these organelles' function: mitochondria

control

What are these organelles' function: nucleus, organelle DNA for mitochondria and chloroplast

production

What are these organelles' function:
ribosomes, ER, chloroplasts

packaging

What are these organelles' function:
golgi apparatus, ER

storage

What are these organelles' function:
vacuole, vesicles, plastids

recycling

What are these organelles' function:
lysosomes, perixosomes

photosynthesis

What are these organelles' function:
chloroplast

cell division

What are these organelles' function:
nuclear DNA, centrioles, cell wall

nuclesosomes

What part of chromosomes' structure is?:
-core of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins plus linkerDNA

solenoid

What part of chromosomes' structure is?:
-coiling of nucleosomes like phone cord

chromatin fiber

What part of chromosomes' structure is?:
-series of nucleosomes

intermediate filaments

what part of the cytoskeleton is?:
-more permanent than microtubles and microfilaments, provide tensile strength for the cell

microtubules

what part of the cytoskeleton is?:
-composed of tubulin
-acts as a scaffold to determine cell shape
-provide a set of tracks for cell organelles and vesicles to move on
-form spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during mitosis

microfilaments

what part of the cytoskeleton is?:
-composed of actin
-microfilaments association with the protein myosin is responsible for muscle contraction
-carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and cytokinesis

cell wall

what part of the Plant Cellis for: protection and support

chloroplast

what part of the Plant Cellis for: photosynthesis

large central vacuole

what part of the Plant Cellis for: storage and increase surface area

protein phospholipid

cell membrane:
the composition is mainly \_____ and \______; some proteins extend through membrane

receptors stucture

cell membrane: protein function: \_____, transport in and out of cells, \_____

lipids

cell membrane: \_____: in membrane can move laterally at about 2um/sec

saturated

cell membrane: \______ fatty acids: in phosopholipids make membrane more rigid

unsaturated

cell membrane: \______ fatty acids: increase fluidity of membrane

decreases

as temperature (increases/decreases) , organisms put more unsaturated fatty acids in membrane

diffusion

what process is when molecules move from high to low concentration?
concentration \= \#molecules / volume

osmosis

what process is the diffusion of water across a selective membrane; amount of water is opposite of numbers molecules- if water is high, solute (molecules) is low?

facilitative diffusion

what process is the diffusion (high to low) but a protein carrier is involved?

hypertonic

osmosis: high solute concentration relative to another solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic?)

hypotonic

osmosis: low solute concentration relative to another solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic?)

isotonic

osmosis: solute concentration is the same as that of another solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic?)

turgor pressure

what is the effect of plant cell being placed in distilled water, cell stiffens but generally retains shape is called?

plasmolysis

what is the effect of plant cell being placed in concentrated salt solution, cell body shrinks and pulls away from cell wall called?

burst

what happens when animal cells are placed in distilled water? they \____

shrink

what happens when cells are placed in concentrated salt solution? Cells \___

passive transport

what is the transportation of molecules with no energy used called?
-simple diffusion (reg transportation through membrane, or channel)
-faciliated diffusion (carrier molecules (uniport))

active transport

what is the transportation of molecules that uses energy called?
-carrier molecules that use energy
-coupled transport (transporting ions)
-symport (two -same direction)
-antiport (two - different directions)

endocytosis exocytosis

-food particle taken in
(called \________)
-fusion form secondary lysosome
-food particles digested
-waste removed from cell

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, high energy compounds

5 Types of organic compounds in body?

monosaccharides

monomer of carbohydrates

glycerol and fatty acids

monomers of lipids

amino acids

monomers of proteins

nucleotides

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides and phosphate groups

monomers of high energy compounds

polysaccharides

polymer of carbohydrates

triglycerides

polymer of lipids

polypeptides

polymer of proteins

ATP

polymer of high energy compounds

carbohydrates

what are these an example of:
-starch
-cellulose
-glycogen (animal)

proteins

what are these an example of:
-hair
-enzymes
-hemoglobin
-insulin

nucleic acids

what are these an example of:
-DNA
-RNA

lipids

what are these an example of:
-cooking oil
-butter

neutral

What does a pH of 7 indicate?

basic

what does a pH of 8-14 indicate?

acidic

what does a pH of 6-0 indicate?

hydrogen ion concentration

what does pH scale represent?

buffers

how is pH regulated in cells?

acid

what is a substance that can take up an electron pair to form a covalent bond called?

base

what is a substance that can donate an electron pair to form a covalent bond called?

condensation reaction

when two molecules are combined into one molecules with the release of one water molecule A+B\=C + H2O
((ie 2 amino acids form dipeptide)) called?

hydrolysis reaction

when one molecule is broken into two molecules with the addition of water molecule C +H2O\=A+B
((ie. disaccharide maltose +water \= 2 glucose molecules)) called?

enzymes

what can be defined as:
-catalysts
-made of protein
-may have non-protein parts
-lowers activation energy
-not changed during reaction

enzyme substrate compelx

what is the key and lock fit of an enzyme + substrate called??

competitive

when enzyme inhibitors bind at active site called?

noncompetitive

when enzyme inhibitors bind at a site other than the active site called?