reproductive systems

gamete

produced in testes

epididymis

where sperm matures

vas defence

carrys matured sperm away from testes

semen gland

semi vesicle prostate bublorethal

FSH male

stimulates sperm production

LH male

stimulates testosterone and secondary sex characterisitcs

Testo

stimulates develop and maintenace of testes and prostate and matures sperm cells

spermotagenis

72 days

in testes

4 cells from meosis

head : breakdown cells surrounding ovum

middle: where respiration takes place to give sperm energy

Tail: propels sperm to swim

ovaries

produce eggs

fallopian tubes

cathc ova after its relaed during ovulation

uterus

where embryo grows

endometrium

lines inside of uterus

cervix

allows fluid to pass from outerus to vag

vagina

birth canal

FSH female

in pituatary gland for growth and development of ovarian follicles in ovaries.

Ovarian follicles contain immatue eggs and produce estrogen

oestrogen

produced by ovarian follicles stimulates thickening of endometrium and secondary sex characterisitics ie boobs hips

progesterone

produced by corpus leutem, and preps endometrium for fertilized egg implantation

LH female

in pituatary gland stimulates ovualtion

ovum

mother cell divides into 4 1 has more chromo and more cytoplasm than other to be ova

polar body

smaller cell that disintergrates

follicle

immature egg surrounds single layer of cells

scrotum

holds testes

semi feroustubles

where sperm is made

urethra

carry urine and sperm out of penis

zygote

fertilised egg

IVF-ET invetro fertilisation

overcome problems blocked tubes, ovulation issues, low sperm production

Hormonal treatments stimulate ovulation and prepare the endometrium. Mature eggs are collected and fertilised outside the body, and then transplanted into the uterus approximately 2-6 days later.

Success rate is 25-35% each cycle.

AID artificial insemination by donor

Donor sperm are inserted directly into the uterus.

used if the male unable to produce sperm but females fertile, or female has cervical scarring or hostile mucus.

Success rate is 60-70% after 6 cycles.

Gamete Intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

normal fallopian tubes and adequate sperm.

Sperm and eggs are collected and mixed together. mixture injected into the women’s fallopian tubes. allows egg and sperm to mix naturally and implant normally.

Success rate is 30% per cycle.

Zygote Intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

variation of IVF, eggs are fertilised in a lab and then transferred to the women’s fallopian tubes at there zygote stage of development

Requires 2 operations 24hrs apart, one to collect eggs and one to place zygote in fallopian tube.

Success rate is 30% per cycle.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI

Used if sperm count is very low or there is low mobility of sperm.

A single sperm is injected into a single egg and the resulting embryo is transplanted into the women’s uterus.

Success rate is 25-35%.

Surrogacy

female is unable to become pregnant or carry the child to full term and infertility treatments have failed.

Another woman agrees to bear a child for a couple

Traditional surrogacy – artificial insemination of father’s sperm, means surrogate is biologically related. 

Gestational surrogacy – embryo created by IVF and inserted into surrogate. More common now.

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

found in nucleus and mitochondria

dna code for proteins made by cells

forms a double helix

nucleotides

sugar, phosphateand a nitrogenous base

adenine and thiamine - 2 hyrdorgen bonds

guanine and cytosine - 3 hydrogen bonds

mitosis

cell replicates its chromosome and then segragates them to produce 2 indetical nucleui

process of cell divison for gwoth and cell replacement

mitosis - diploid cells

has 46 chromosomes 2 complete sets ie skin cells, blood cells.

meiosis

cell division for reproduction

happens in 2 stages produces gametes with a haploid number of chromosomes 4 haploid cells made

haploid

contain 23 chromosomes

placenta functions

Provide oxygen and nutrients, remove waste, produce hormones for baby to grow

sperm path

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra