Learn: Introduction to Diagnostic Imaging Modalities

Prone Position

Laying down facing down.

Axial Skeleton

Central axis bones including head, neck, chest, and back.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the upper and lower limbs and their attachments.

X-Ray Characteristics

Uses ionizing radiation to produce fast, inexpensive 2D images.

CT Scan

Uses ionizing radiation to produce detailed 3D and cross-sectional images.

Ionization

The removal of electrons from an atom.

Endocrine system

-secretes hormones

- regulates metabolism & homeostasis

Cardiovascular system

- delivers oxygen & nutrients

- balance temp

Integumentary System

- site of many sensory receptors

- encloses internal body

Muscular System

- movement

- partners with skeletal

- helps with temp

Lymphatic System

- returns fluid to blood

- fights against pathogens

Digestive System

- processes food

- removes waste from undigested food

Respiratory System

-removes CO2

- delivers oxygen to blood

Urinary system

- controls water balance

- removes wastes from blood & seperate & eliminates them

Reproductive System

-produces sex hormones - milk - gametes

- supports baby till birth

Anatomical position

palms forward

Supine

facing up

Prone

facing down

Anterior / Ventral

Front

Posterior / Dorsal

Back

Superior / Cranial

Higher, or above or toward the head

Inferior / Caudal

Below - near tail

Lateral

Away from mid & toward side

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Proximal

Point or closer to point where limb attaches

Distal

Point farther from point of attachment

Superfical

closer to the surface of the body

Deep

farther from the surface

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane divides L & R

Transverse

Horizontal plane up and down

Coronal

Vertical plane front and back

Axial

vertical & central ( middle) axis

- Includes - head bones , neck , chest , back

- 80 bones

Appendicular

- outer bones

- 126 bones

Dorsal Cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Where/ What is Cranial cavity

head / skull / brain

What / Where is the vertebal cavity

Spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Has Thoracic cavity, Abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

chest

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdomen pelvis

Pleural cavities

Lungs

Right Pleural Cavity

Right lung

Left pleural cavity

Left lung

Meidastinum

Central area btwn lungs

Pericardial cavity

Surrounds heart

Diaphragm

Divides chest & belly

Abdominopelvic cavity

- stomach

- liver

-intestines

- spleen

- pelvic cavity

- bladder

- reproductive

Top Right and Left

Hypochondriac region

Top Center

Epigastric region

Top Left

Hypochondriac region

Mid Right

Lumbar region

Mid middle

Umbilical region

Left middle

Lumbar region

Right bottom

Iliac region

Bottom left or right

Iliac Region

ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

Atom

Basic building block of all matter

Electron

-Stable subatomic particle with negative charge

-Found in all atoms

Ionization

-removal of electrons from atom

Ionizing Radiation

Radiation that disrupts atoms/molecules creating ions and free radicals

Radiation

Energy in transit as particles/elec waves

Radioactivity

material emits off radiation

Roentgen (R)

Unit of measurement measuring exposure

X ray

Type of ionizing radiation formed in CRT when high speed velocity electrons goes from cathade -> anode

Computed Tomography

X ray + Computer processing = cross sectional images

Gantry

Large circular part of CT scanner containing X ray tube & detectors

Detector

Receives X rays passing through patient and converts into CT images

Axial image

A cross sectional image viewed in transverse/axial plane

Slice thickness

width of each cross sectional image

Attenuation

Reduction of intensity of x ray beam

Hounsfield Unit ( HU )

numerical value measuring attenuation of diff tissues

Window Width (WW)

Range of CT #'s/HU displayed in image. Affects constrast

Window Level (WL)

GREY - middle of scale - centre of range of HU

Echoic

Really well echo

Anechoic

Nothing came back

Hypoechoic

Weaker than when it was sent - MORE BLACK

Hyperechoic

Stronger when it comes back - MORE WHITE

Sound wave

Mechanical vibration that travels through tissue at high freq

Probe

Diff word for transducer - contains crystals that transmit soundwaves

B mode

Brightness Mode

A mode

Amplitude Mode

M mode

motion mode; used to display motion of the reflectors

Frequency

# of sound waves cycles per - higher = better detail

Wavelength

Distance btwn 2 waves

Depth

How far it gets to anatomy

Penetration

How DEEP the sound waves can travel into body

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Uses strong MF + RF + gradient + computer

Magnetic Field

Area surrounding a magnet where magnetic forces are present

Magnet

Main component of MRI

Bore

Opening within scanner

FOV

Area/Part being scanned with in image

Slice thickness

Thickness of section represented MRI image

Artifact

Feature/distortion that does not accurately represent anatomy

Ferromagnetic

Things strongly attracted to a magnetic field

Projectile Effect

Dangerous acceleration of ferromagnetic object toward MRI magnet

MR safe

item with no known hazards in MR environments