Arthropoda and Echinoderms

All about Arthropoda and Echinoderms!

Antennae

Used for sensing/touching in crustaceans and insects

Antennules

Found in anterior region of crayfish
For balance and equilibrium

Calcium carbonate

CaCo3
The material of a crustacean and echinoderm skeleton

Carapace

The extra thick covering of the cephalothorax on a crayfish
Protects internal organs

Chelicerae

The hollow fangs of spiders
Used for injecting venom, slurping up victim "smoothie"

Chitin

The material of an insect/arachnid skeleton

Endoskeleton

A skeleton that is inside the body
Humans have endoskeletons

Exoskeleton

A skeleton that is outside the body
Arthropods have exoskeletons
A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

Gill bailer

The organ that allows crayfish to continue breathing when they are not moving

Gill chamber

The organ that allows crayfish to remain out of water for short periods of time

Green glands

These clean the blood of cellular waste in crayfish
Similar to kidneys in humans
Found in anterior (head) region of crayfish

Arthropoda

"Jointed leg"
Phylum of animals with jointed legs, segmented bodies, exoskeletons, dorsal hearts, ventral nerves, and grouped muscles

Echinodermata

Means "spiny skin"
Phylum of animals that includes sea stars, urchin, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars

Malpighian tubules

Clean the blood of cellular waste in spiders and insects
Similar to the kidneys in humans

Pheromones

Chemical secretion for/odor for animal communication

Spinnerets

Appendages that spiders use to manipulate their silk and create webs

Spiracles

Breathing holes in arachnids and insects
Like pores in the exoskeleton that allow air in

Statocysts

Cells with sand found at the base of antennules in crayfish
For balance, equililbrium

Swimmerets

Holds, protects, and aerates the eggs of a crayfish
On the underside of the abdomen

Zooplankton

Microscopic crustaceans as a group
Many different types

Molting

Arthropods shed their exoskeleton to grow

1. Inner layer is digested
2. New exoskeleton laid underneath old one
3. Organism swells with water so the new exoskeleton will be larger
4. Shimmies out of old exoskeleton
5. Organism finds a safe place to hide while new exoskeleton hardens

Class Trilobita

"3 lobes"
Ancient arthropods, just fossils now
"Grand daddy" arthropod

Class Crustacea

"Hard shell"
CaCO3 exoskeleton
2 or 3 body segments
2 pair antennae
Maxillae
Mandibles
Gills
Nauplius larvae
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, sow bugs

Class Arachnida

Mostly terrestrial
2 body segments
Chitin
Chelicerae (hollow fangs)
Pedipalps (touch, taste, hold)
8 simple eyes
Spinnerets
Malpighian tubules
Book lungs
Trachea
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, solpugids

Class Diplopoda

Multiple body segments
2 pairs of feet per segment (4feet total)
Short antennae
Herbivores
Rounded bodies, legs underneath
Curl up as defense
Secrete poison
Millipedes

Class Chilopoda

Multiple body segments
1 pair of feet per segment (2 feet total)
Long antennae
Carnivores
Flat bodies, legs stick out sides
Attack when provoked
Venomous bite
Centipedes

Class Insecta

3 body segments
3 pairs of legs
1 pair antennae
Might have wings (2-4)
Chitin
Trachea
Assorted mouthparts (depends on what they eat)

Incomplete metamorphosis

Egg -> nymph -> adult
Nymph looks like adult without wings, smaller, unable to reproduce
Molt 5 times before they are adults

Complete metamorphosis

Egg -> larvae -> pupa -> adult
Larvae are segmented, eat and grow
Hormones signal time to pupate
Spin cocoon with silk, go through complete transformation and become totally different organism
Adult emerges from cocoon (usually in spring)

Bee society

Bees work together and have jobs
Queen: only 1, biggest, controls others with pheromones, fed royal jelly
Drones: males, very few, medium size, haploid (come from unfertilized eggs), first to die if hive is in trouble
Workers: largest #, all sterile females, smallest, do all the work
Hive: made of wax, hexagonal cells to maximize space, store 1 egg/larvae per cell
Honey: nectar goes in and mixes with digestive enzymes, vomit back up…. honey!

Ballooning

Young spiders spin out silk as a balloon/parachute to catch a breeze, get carried away to new location

Mandibles

mouth parts that chew up and down

Maxilla

mouth parts that chew side to side

Maxillipeds

outer 3 pairs of mouth-parts in crayfish, hold food