Medication and Pain Management Lecture Flashcards

Flashcards covering the role of Occupational Therapy in medication management, barriers to adherence, pain definitions, standardized pain assessments, and various treatment models/techniques.

Medication Management Performance Skills

The categories of performance skills required for managing medication according to the OTPF-IV, including Motor, Process, and Social Interaction skills.

OT Role: Remediation

Addressing underlying limitations such as physical, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, and perceptual factors to improve medication management.

Compensatory Techniques (Medication)

Training methods like low vision techniques, providing step-by-step instructions, and integrating tasks into existing routines.

Adaptive Equipment for Medication

Tools used to assist with medication adherence, such as automatic pill dispensers, electronic reminders, and pill organizers.

Environmental Modifications (Medication)

Changes made to the surroundings to assist with medication, such as improving lighting, using color-coded bottles, or applying large-print labels.

Activity Modification (Medication)

Changes to the task itself, such as arranging for medication delivery or setting up text and email reminders for refills.

Side Effects

A very common reason patients choose not to take medication; the OT’s role includes advocacy for medication change and side effect management.

Cognitive Deficits (Medication Barriers)

Issues including memory, confusion, orientation, and organization; addressed by OTs through structured interventions, habit building, and identifying social support.

Pain (General Definition)

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.

Acute Pain

Pain almost always caused by tissue irritation or damage related to injury, disease, disability, or medical procedures.

Chronic Pain

Persistent pain lasting beyond $21$ weeks that does not appear to serve a biological purpose and often exists with minimal apparent tissue damage.

Nociception

One of the four domains of the biopsychosocial model of pain, specifically the perception of physical pain.

Suffering

A negative affective response to pain that is personal and individualized.

Pain Behavior

What a person says or does (e.g., moaning, taking medication) or does not do (e.g., missing work) that communicates the presence of pain to others.

Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)

A standardized evaluation for individuals age $6$ and older where the client indicates which number best represents their level of pain.

Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

An assessment for individuals age $10$ and older where the client draws a mark on a line to represent their pain intensity.

Verbal Rating Scale (VRS)

An evaluation for individuals age $6$ and older where the client selects a word from a list of $4$ to $15$ descriptors that best describes their pain intensity.

FACES Scale

An assessment designed for individuals who have difficulty with written language, where the client selects a drawing or photograph that depicts their pain level.

McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)

A tool for ages $13$ and older that measures qualitative features of the pain experience by marking areas of pain and selecting descriptive words.

Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

A short form for ages $8$ and older or long form for adults that measures pain intensity and the degree to which pain interferes with life aspects like mood, work, and sleep.

Pain Diary

A tool for ages $12$ and older where clients make regular entries regarding pain triggers, intensity, and impact on occupational functioning over a duration of $10$ to $20$ minutes.

Biomechanical Model (Pain Strategies)

Interventions based on kinematics and kinesiology, including physical agent modalities like TENS, massage, thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and exercise.

Operant Conditioning (Behavioral Strategy)

Positively reinforcing health maintenance behaviors rather than pain experience behaviors, such as ignoring overt expressions of pain while reinforcing well behaviors.

Activity Pacing

A behavioral strategy involving the balancing of activity with rest to increase tolerance.

Abdominal Breathing

The simplest way to encourage relaxation, involving awareness of breathing patterns, inhalation, and slow exhalation.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)

Also known as Jacobsonian relaxation, this involves systematic tensing and relaxing of major musculoskeletal groups to relieve tension, spasms, and fatigue.

Autogenic Training (AT)

A technique involving the silent repetition of phrases about homeostasis, scanning the body for tension, and concentrating on relaxation cues.

Guided Imagery

The purposeful use of images, such as a peaceful garden, and sensory recruitment to reduce stress and distract from intrusive thoughts.

Mindfulness Meditation

The intentional self-regulation of attention toward the present moment in a nonjudgmental manner, intended to increase pain tolerance.

Virtual Reality (VR) for Pain

A technique using computer-generated images and sounds to distract individuals from pain, used successfully during burn debridement and for chronic neck pain.

Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) for Pain

Interventions aimed at correcting maladaptive thoughts and beliefs regarding pain, using techniques like cognitive restructuring and behavior activation.

Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) for Pain

A practice model focused on the reactivation of interests, resumption of occupational roles, and the reestablishment of activities and participation.