bio final prep

Which of these does not introduce genetic variation into a population of organisms?

Growing E. coli bacteria in low glucose media

3 multiple choice options

T/F In the Carboniferous Era, the first forests drew down atmospheric carbon dioxide levels which created cold conditions.

true

Which of the following nutritional groups use carbon dioxide as their carbon source? (May be more than one correct answer)

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Match each evolutionary innovation with the group of plants listed that first showed it : Tracheids

ferns

Match each evolutionary innovation with the group of plants listed that first showed it : seeds

Gymnosperms

Match each evolutionary innovation with the group of plants listed that first showed it : Xylem and Phloem

ferns

Match each evolutionary innovation with the group of plants listed that first showed it : flowers

angiosperms

Match each evolutionary innovation with the group of plants listed that first showed it : fruits

angiosperms

Match each evolutionary innovation with the group of plants listed that first showed it : stomata

moss

Which of the following statements is NOT true about gymnosperms?

- These plants are primarily wind pollinated

- This type of plants showed lower water potentials than sunflowers in lab

- These plants were the first to have lignin and vasculature

- If measured using an IRGA under high light, these plants would draw down the CO2 concentration of the air.

These plants were the first to have lignin and vasculature

3 multiple choice options

T/F In the fungal life cycle the haploid stage is the dikaryotic stage.

false

Which of the following statements are true about carbon dioxide? (May be more than one answer)

- Carbon dioxide levels decreased at the end of the Carboniferous period after the first forests colonized earth

- High levels of carbon dioxide allowed for giant dragonflies to occur during the Carboniferous period.

- Carbon dioxide levels are decreasing in Earth's atmosphere

- During lab, carbon dioxide levels decreased in the air moving into the IRGA when the light was on and the plant was in the chamber.

- Carbon dioxide absorbs long wave radiation thus warming the earth.

- Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide decrease when peat bogs are drained, oxygen is introduced, and decomposition is allowed to occur.

During lab, carbon dioxide levels decreased in the air moving into the IRGA when the light was on and the plant was in the chamber.

Carbon dioxide absorbs long wave radiation thus warming the earth.

Carbon dioxide levels decreased at the end of the Carboniferous period after the first forests colonized earth

In the Science News article about bats and white nose fungus, which role does the fungus NOT play?

- invasive species

- pathogen

- photoautotroph

- chemoheterotroph

photoautotroph

Which of the following characteristics are true of both bacteria and fungi?

- They both can exhibit sexual reproduction

- They both use hyphae for absorption

- They both can be chemoheterotrophs

- They are both important in the production of oxygen in the atmosphere.

They both can be chemoheterotrophs

Which of the following treatments which is not shown in the above graph would indicate that the endophyte was detrimental to the Cacao plant leaf mortality and damage?

FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

Endophyte + Pathogen -

T/F Induced defenses are always turned on within the plant to defend it from herbivory.

true

Which of the following groups of organisms cannot be a chemoheterotroph?

Eukaryotes

Cyanobacteria

Decomposer bacteria

Fungi

Cyanobacteria

Which of the following are complex plant compounds which can be difficult for bacteria and fungi to decompose? (May be more than one answer)

lignin

phenolics

xylem sap

chitin

lignin

phenolics

T/F Spores were the evolutionary innovation for Gymnosperms

false

Seed plants were important for dramatically changing human culture because they...

- Gave rise to secondary compounds which were used in medicine

- Allowed humans to become the dominant producers of food in ecosystems

- Cooled the earth and created an ice age

- Stored a large amount of carbon which became fossil fuels

Allowed humans to become the dominant producers of food in ecosystems

T/F A membrane-bound nucleus is present in both Archaea and Eukarya.

false

T/F Monocots have flower parts in multiples of 3.

true

Which of these statements is true and best describes why deforestation of the Amazon is problematic for the Earth’s climate?

- Deforestation decreases carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, thereby increasing the absorption of long wave radiation.

- Deforestation increases decomposition of soil carbon in these ecosystems which store peat due to low oxygen concentrations.

- Deforestation removes shading of the soil and thus decreases evaporation of soil water.

- Deforestation prevents trees from moving water from the soil to the atmosphere which makes clouds and allows rain to fall on adjacent forests.

Deforestation prevents trees from moving water from the soil to the atmosphere which makes clouds and allows rain to fall on adjacent forests.

1 multiple choice option

Hypothetically, let's say a spruce tree lives in an ecosystem where only organic nitrogen is present. The spruce tree has mycorrhizae that help in live in this environment. Which type of mycorrhizae does the spruce tree likely have?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Ectomycorrhizae

Fungal endophyte

Pathogen

Ectomycorrhizae

T/F In the Carboniferous Era, the first forests drew down atmospheric carbon dioxide levels which created cold conditions.

true

Which of the following findings could be learned from the above graph showing hte impacts of endophytes and pathogens on Cacao plants?

FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

The pathogen and endophyte together decrease leaf mutations.

The pathogen produces toxins that cause leaf damage in Cacao plants.

The presence of the endophyte in the presence of the pathogen helps offset leaf mortality for Cacao plants.

The endophyte alone produces leaf mortality

The presence of the endophyte in the presence of the pathogen helps offset leaf mortality for Cacao plants.

Which of these statements can you deduce from the bacterial evolution graph shown above?

FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

Mutations occurred most in the first 5000 generations

On average, experimental population cells grew larger than the ancestral population cells

Population growth rate of the experimental populations always exceeded that of the ancestral population after the first generation.

The ancestral population did not evolve

Population growth rate of the experimental populations always exceeded that of the ancestral population after the first generation.

2 multiple choice options

In two short sentences or less tell me why the mutualism between plants and mycorrhizae and beneficial for both the plant and the fungus.

MEMORIZE

The plant provides the mycorrhizal fungus with sugars from photosynthesis, while the fungus increases the plant's absorption of water and nutrients like phosphorus. This exchange boosts growth and survival for both organisms.

T/F Lignin was the major evolutionary innovation for non-vascular plants.

False

Which of the following is the group of plants that was the major food source for huge herbivorous dinosaurs?

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Bryophytes

Gymnosperms

2 multiple choice options

T/F The endosymbiotic event that led to photosynthetic Eurkaryotes involved Archaea and Cyanobacteria

true

Put the following groups or oganisms in the order they evolved from earliest to most recent. Eukaryotes, Bacteria, Ferns, Mosses, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

1. bateria

2. eukaryotes

3. mosses

4. ferns

5. gymnosperms

6. angiosperms

Most of the world's sphagnum moss peat bogs FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

B (canada region)

Highest animal biodiversity FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

D (amazon)

Highest soil carbon density FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

B (canada region)

The amazon rainforest FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

D (amazon)

Invasive white nose fungus is killing bat populations FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

C (usa)

Highest soil bacterial diversity FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

C (usa)

Mycorrhizal fungi provide nutrients for plants. Which of the following is not provided by some mycorhizzae fungi for plants?

organic nitrogen

mineral nitrogen

carbon dioxide

mineral phosphorus

carbon dioxide

2 multiple choice options

In the bacterial evolution experiment shown above which is the dependant variable?

Evolution's accumulation of mutations

Average experimental populations

Generation

Population growth rate (relative to ancestral population)

FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

Population growth rate (relative to ancestral population)

Which of the following is not a factor that delays decomposition in peat bogs?

High carbon concentration

Low oxygen concentration

Phenolic compounds

Acidic pH

High carbon concentration

Which of the following is the Earth's current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide?

420

T/F A oakworm caterpillar eats a whole oak leaf and then moves onto another leaf. (Very hungry caterpillar! :) After taking a bite of the second leaf, the caterpillar stops eating. The plant is likely using induced defenses.

true

In which of the following groups is the gametophyte the dominant life form?

Ferns

Mosses

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

mosses

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following groups of plants has the most species that exist on Earth today?

angiosperms

T/F Purple sulfur bacteria absorb light in the same wavelengths as Ulva algae

false

Use the figure above to answer the following question. Which of the following groups of bacteria are most important in creating a new input of plant available mineral nitrogen to soils?

FLIP TO SEE GRAPH

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

3 multiple choice options

Match each statement with the CLORPT state factor to which it refers. (Use each answer only once) : Basalt rock is created from volcanos.

parent material

Match each statement with the CLORPT state factor to which it refers. (Use each answer only once) : Earthworms are ecosystem engineers

organism

Match each statement with the CLORPT state factor to which it refers. (Use each answer only once) : Soil settles in the valleys of mountain ranges which creates fertile areas for farms.

relief

Match each statement with the CLORPT state factor to which it refers. (Use each answer only once) : Soils in the tropics are exposed to consistent rain which weathers out nutrients like NO3-

climate

Match each statement with the CLORPT state factor to which it refers. (Use each answer only once) : Immediately after a forest fire, soils have not yet built up any mineral nitrogen

time

T/F Phosphorus is the element that plants use to open and close the guard ce

false

T/F A cell that is placed in a solution that has a more negative water potential will gain water.

false

When a caterpillar begins feeding on a leaf, which of the following happens?

Hydrolysis of the cell membrane of a phloem companion cell produces jasmonate

2 multiple choice options

Which of the following statements is true about nutrients and farms (may select more than one answer)?

Over time nutrients decrease in agricultural soils due to crop biomass removal.

Legume plants can be used in crop rotation to add nutrients to soils

Choose which stomatal aperture curve best represents stomata from a maple tree in Pennsylvania in August during a drought.

B

T/F The abundance of stomata on leaves has declined since the early 1900s because of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.

True

T/F Tree rings tend to get smaller in drought conditions.

true

Choose a reasonable water potential value for each of the numbered boxes in the figure ABOVE. Note that I provided one water potential value. : Atmosphere Water Potential

-100.0

Choose a reasonable water potential value for each of the numbered boxes in the figure ABOVE. Note that I provided one water potential value. : Leaf Water Potential

-2.0

Choose a reasonable water potential value for each of the numbered boxes in the figure ABOVE. Note that I provided one water potential value. : trunk water potential

-0.8

Choose a reasonable water potential value for each of the numbered boxes in the figure ABOVE. Note that I provided one water potential value. : soil water potential

-0.2

T/F The earth's carbon dioxide concentration goes down during the North American summer

true

T/F United States salmon populations are most threatened by melting ice

False

Which of the following can be sinks for phloem sugars? (may select more than one answer)

Fruits

newly emerging leaves

roots

The presence of canavanine in legume seeds is an example of

A constitutive defense

1 multiple choice option

T/F The deep-rooted wheat planted by settlers in the Midwest in the 19th and early 20thcentury contributed to the soil erosion of the Dust Bowl.

False

Use the figure above that shows soil nutrients in the Hawaiian island experiment to answer this question. On which Hawaiian island is nitrogen likely to be highest?

the oldest island

In class, we discussed the recent study that showed that in response to short exposure to chemical warfare agents, bay, basil, and stinging nettle plant leaves produce compounds not normally present in the plants that persist in leaves for months. What kind of response are these three plant species showing?

Induced response

3 multiple choice options

T/F Roots absorb carbon dioxide from the soil.

False

is maleria a human disease is caused by a protist (Yes or No)

yes

is Chagas Disease a human disease is caused by a protist (Yes or No)

yes

is Human African Trypanosomiasis a human disease is caused by a protist (Yes or No)

yes

What is the vector for malaria?

mosquito

Is malaria well on its way to being eradicated?

no

Is malaria found mostly in the eastern hemisphere, western hemisphere, or both?

eastern

Is malaria predicted to move northward in the northern hemisphere with ongoing climate change?

yes

Does a vaccine for malaria exist and is it being used widely today?

yes

What is the vector for Human African Trypanosomiasis?

Tsetse fly

Is Human African Trypanosomiasis well on its way to being eradicated?

yes

Is this disease found mostly in the eastern hemisphere, western hemisphere, or both?

eastern

Is it predicted to move northward in the northern hemisphere with ongoing climate change?

yes

Does a vaccine exist and is it being used widely today?

no

What is the vector for Chagas Disease?

Kissing bug

Is Chagas Disease well on its way to being eradicated?

no

Is this disease found mostly in the eastern hemisphere, western hemisphere, or both?

western

Is it predicted to move northward in the northern hemisphere with ongoing climate change?

yes

Does a vaccine exist and is it being used widely today?

no

What are two components of the systemic acquires immunity response of plant leaves to pathogen infection? EXPLAIN FULLY SHORT ANSWER

1) Production of NO and/or reactive oxygen (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide) that may be toxic to pathogens and also may serve as signals leading to changes in gene expression in other parts of the plant

2) Novel production of plant hormones Salicylic acid (or its gaseous derivative) - Causes reactive oxygen production and Pathogenesis-Related (PR) gene upregulation leading to (phytoalexin) production throughout plant

Transpiration is beneficial for plants because (may be more than one answer)

Transpiration helps generate the pull that drives xylem sap upward in a tree.

Plants can cool off their tissues via transpiration.

Based on what you learned in lab, which of the following are reasonable water potential values (in MPa) for watered sunflowers, unwatered sunflowers, and conifers- in the right order.

-0.4, -0.7, -1.0

Using the figure above, tell me which plant will be least adapted to conditions away from a river, where water is less available

cottonwood

T/F The bond between the two nitrogens in atmospheric N2 is a double bond.

false

T/F Altered phenology of plants is leading to most plants leafing out later in the spring.

false

T/F Rhizobium require an aerobic environment to fix nitrogen.

false

In the phylogenetic tree of life, protists are best described as:

A group of eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, not animals, and not fungi

T/F Due to the Clean Air Act , nitrogen deposition in the United States has declined over time.

true

Use the figure above answer the following question. Which form of nitrogen is most likely to increase in soils after organic matter is decomposed by fungi

NH4+

Why does girdling kill a tree? Girdling is cutting off a ring of bark around the tree's circumference.

The phloem is transported on the outside of the trunk, and girdling disrupts the flow of sugars to the roots.

1 multiple choice option