midterm 1 gen bio

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Evolution

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217 Terms
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Evolution

The idea that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors

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Emergence

-refers to how collective properties arise from the properties of parts.

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  • the whole is more than just the sum of its parts

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Scientific Method Order

  1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment 5. Evaluate

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Prediction

What you expect to see when you test your hypothesis

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Hypothesis

Testable explanation for observation based on available data

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Theory

Broad explanation with significant support

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Law

Statement of what always happens

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The __________ away e- is from nucleus (+) the more potential energy e- posseses

further

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The __________ away e- is from nucleus (+) the less potential energy e- posseses

closer

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Molecules

compounds with two or more atoms

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Electronegativity

the tendency of an atom to attract an electron

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Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons

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Covalent Bond

-Sharing of electrons

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-Strongest bond in bio

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Van der Walls interactions

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from partial charges.

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Hydrogen Bonds

-Really strong dipole-dipole interactions

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-Hold water molecules together

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4 Emergent properties of water

  1. Cohesive/adhesive 2. Moderates temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Polarity

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Cohesion

water sticks to itself

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Adhesion

water sticks to other things

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Hydroxyl Group

Alcohol (-OH)

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carbonyl group

Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)

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Amino Group

Amines (-NH2)

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sulfhydryl group

Thiols (-SH)

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Phosphate Group

Organic Phosphate (-PO4H2)

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methyl group

-CH3

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96% of life us made up of ?

CHON

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons therefore different weight

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Is a hydrocarbon polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

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Are non polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

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All functional groups are polar except ?

Methyl Group

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All functional groups are Hydrophilic except ?

Methyl Group

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which functional groups are acids ?

Carboxyl Group because Hydrogen is easily released, Phosphate group, and methyl group

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Which functional groups act as bases?

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Which functional group act as neither ?

Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, and sulfhydryl group

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Macromolecules are

1000s of atoms made up of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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What are polymers?

Many identical/similar monomers are linked together. Such as carbs, proteins and nucleic acids NOT lipids

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Polymers go through two different reactions, what are they?

Dehydration reaction & Hydrolysis

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Dehydration (condensation)

polymers formed by getting rid of H2O

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Hydrolysis

polymers broken by adding

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monosaccarides are

simple sugars that all have a C6H12O6 chem formula

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Disaccharides are

two sugars linked via condensation through covalent and glycosidic bonds

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Glycosidic bond

linking two sugar molecules

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Polysaccharides are

many sugars

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Polysaccharides are either used as

Storage or structural

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Storage Polysaccharides

source of energy including starch (found in plants) and glycogen (animals)

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Polysaccharide storages are which glucose subunit

alpha

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Polysaccharide Structurals are which glucose subunit

beta

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Structural Polysaccarides

cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi)

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Proteins are made up of

amino acids (20) (monomer)

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Amino acids are made up of

alpha carbon bonds

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Amino acid characteristics are

non-polar, polar, electrically charged and essential AA dependant on R-Groups

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Proteins are formed by

linking amino acids via covalent bond (peptide bonds)

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Carbohydrates end in

-ose & -saccharides

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What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

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What are the classes of Nucleic Acids?

DNA & RNA

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What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

Transmit hereditary info, blueprint of life

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Carbohydrates create what kind of linkages ?

Glycosidic linkages

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proteins create what kind of linkages ?

peptide linkages

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lipids create what kind of linkages ?

ester linkages

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Lipids are

hydrophobic fats that store energy

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Saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature & have all Carbons filled with Hydrogens

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Unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature and some carbons are Double bonded

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Fats consist of

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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Phospholipids are

amphipathic molecules found in cell membranes

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Steroids are

4 fused carbon rings

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Chemical evolution hypothesis

life developed from non-living matter

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abiotic synthesis

spontaneous formation of small organic molecules

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what are the 4 requirements of abiotic synthesis

  1. low free oxygen 2. Source of energy(crazy earth energy) 3. Chemical building blocks (water/inorganic molecules/ATM) 4. Time

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Oxidation is known as

the breaking of bonds

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Reduction is known as

making of bonds

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Oparin and Haldane hypothesis

the conditions of early earth favored spontaneous organic molecule formation. The area near earths surface we expect to see life being formed because of the craziness.

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OH Hypothesis tested by Miller & Urey by

creating a closed system to simulate early earth conditions. Made sure there were organic chemicals and an electrode (crazy earth)

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What did the environment created by Miller & Urey create after constant repetition

were able to create all amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars

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vesicle

fluid filled compartment surrounded by a membrane

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protocell

first cell, combination of abiotically produced organic polymers and exhibits living cell characteristics (electrical potential)

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Abiotic

Non-living

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osmosis

to transfer water either inside or outside of the vesicle

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How are the external and internal environments in protocells?

they are not equal

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Do protocols transmit heredity ?

no

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RNA

single-stranded

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1st genetic material

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DNA

-A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

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