midterm 1 gen bio

Evolution

The idea that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors

Emergence

-refers to how collective properties arise from the properties of parts.

- the whole is more than just the sum of its parts

Scientific Method Order

1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment 5. Evaluate

Prediction

What you expect to see when you test your hypothesis

Hypothesis

Testable explanation for observation based on available data

Theory

Broad explanation with significant support

Law

Statement of what always happens

The \__________ away e- is from nucleus (+) the more potential energy e- posseses

further

The \__________ away e- is from nucleus (+) the less potential energy e- posseses

closer

Molecules

compounds with two or more atoms

Electronegativity

the tendency of an atom to attract an electron

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons

Covalent Bond

-Sharing of electrons

-Strongest bond in bio

Van der Walls interactions

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from partial charges.

Hydrogen Bonds

-Really strong dipole-dipole interactions

-Hold water molecules together

4 Emergent properties of water

1. Cohesive/adhesive 2. Moderates temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Polarity

Cohesion

water sticks to itself

Adhesion

water sticks to other things

Hydroxyl Group

Alcohol (-OH)

carbonyl group

Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)

Amino Group

Amines (-NH2)

sulfhydryl group

Thiols (-SH)

Phosphate Group

Organic Phosphate (-PO4H2)

methyl group

-CH3

96% of life us made up of ?

CHON

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons therefore different weight

Is a hydrocarbon polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

Are non polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

All functional groups are polar except ?

Methyl Group

All functional groups are Hydrophilic except ?

Methyl Group

which functional groups are acids ?

Carboxyl Group because Hydrogen is easily released, Phosphate group, and methyl group

Which functional groups act as bases?

Which functional group act as neither ?

Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, and sulfhydryl group

Macromolecules are

1000s of atoms made up of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What are polymers?

Many identical/similar monomers are linked together. Such as carbs, proteins and nucleic acids NOT lipids

Polymers go through two different reactions, what are they?

Dehydration reaction & Hydrolysis

Dehydration (condensation)

polymers formed by getting rid of H2O

Hydrolysis

polymers broken by adding

monosaccarides are

simple sugars that all have a C6H12O6 chem formula

Disaccharides are

two sugars linked via condensation through covalent and glycosidic bonds

Glycosidic bond

linking two sugar molecules

Polysaccharides are

many sugars

Polysaccharides are either used as

Storage or structural

Storage Polysaccharides

source of energy including starch (found in plants) and glycogen (animals)

Polysaccharide storages are which glucose subunit

alpha

Polysaccharide Structurals are which glucose subunit

beta

Structural Polysaccarides

cellulose (plants) and chitin (fungi)

Proteins are made up of

amino acids (20) (monomer)

Amino acids are made up of

alpha carbon bonds

Amino acid characteristics are

non-polar, polar, electrically charged and essential AA dependant on R-Groups

Proteins are formed by

linking amino acids via covalent bond (peptide bonds)

Carbohydrates end in

-ose & -saccharides

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

What are the classes of Nucleic Acids?

DNA & RNA

What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

Transmit hereditary info, blueprint of life

Carbohydrates create what kind of linkages ?

Glycosidic linkages

proteins create what kind of linkages ?

peptide linkages

lipids create what kind of linkages ?

ester linkages

Lipids are

hydrophobic fats that store energy

Saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature & have all Carbons filled with Hydrogens

Unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature and some carbons are Double bonded

Fats consist of

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids are

amphipathic molecules found in cell membranes

Steroids are

4 fused carbon rings

Chemical evolution hypothesis

life developed from non-living matter

abiotic synthesis

spontaneous formation of small organic molecules

what are the 4 requirements of abiotic synthesis

1. low free oxygen 2. Source of energy(crazy earth energy) 3. Chemical building blocks (water/inorganic molecules/ATM) 4. Time

Oxidation is known as

the breaking of bonds

Reduction is known as

making of bonds

Oparin and Haldane hypothesis

the conditions of early earth favored spontaneous organic molecule formation. The area near earths surface we expect to see life being formed because of the craziness.

OH Hypothesis tested by Miller & Urey by

creating a closed system to simulate early earth conditions. Made sure there were organic chemicals and an electrode (crazy earth)

What did the environment created by Miller & Urey create after constant repetition

were able to create all amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids, sugars

vesicle

fluid filled compartment surrounded by a membrane

protocell

first cell, combination of abiotically produced organic polymers and exhibits living cell characteristics (electrical potential)

Abiotic

Non-living

osmosis

to transfer water either inside or outside of the vesicle

How are the external and internal environments in protocells?

they are not equal

Do protocols transmit heredity ?

no

RNA

single-stranded

1st genetic material

DNA

-A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

-More stable than RNA, better info storage

-Evolved from RNA

Prokaryotes

-Cells that do not contain nuclei

-1st cells

How do heterotrophs obtain energy?

-obtains its energy from organic molecules from its environment for energy.

-through fermentation from anaerobic breakdown of compounds

Anaerobic

involves less energy but produces less energy

no O2 involved

aerobic

involves more energy and produces more energy

O2 needed

Photosynthetic autotrophs

2nd prokaryotes to form

-use sunlight energy to produce its own food

Cynobacteria

take sunlight to break down H2O drastically releasing oxygen into the environment

Autotrophs

use sunlight to break down H2S for energy, releasing sulfur

Eukaryotes have

a nucleus and came to be because a smaller prokaryote was injested by a bigger prokaryote

Endosymbiosis

a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within another