MedTerms Ch14: Musculoskeletal System

periosteum

outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

cancellous (spongy) bone

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone

endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphysis (pl epiphyses)

end of each long bone

bone marrow

material found in the cavities of bones

red marrow

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

maxilla

upper jawbone

mandible

lower jawbone

vertebral column

made up of bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs

cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of seven bones, forming the neck

thoracic vertebrae (t1-t12)

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

sacrum

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones

coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

lamina (pl. laminae)

part of the vertebral arch

clavicle

collar bone

scapula

shoulder blade

acromion process

extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder

sternum

breastbone

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

humerus

upper arm bone

ulna and radius

lower arm bones

olecranon process

projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

carpal bones

wrist bones

metacarpal bones

hand bones

phalanges (sing. phalanx)

finger and toe bones

pelvic bone, hip bone

made up of three bones fused together

ischium

lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits

ilium

upper, wing-shaped part on each side

pubis

anterior portion of the pelvic bone

acetabulum

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

femur

upper leg bone

tibia and fibula

lower leg bones

patella (pl. patellae)

kneecap

tarsal bones

ankle bones

calcaneus

heel bone

metatarsal bones

foot bones

articular cartilage

smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints

meniscus

crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee

intervertebral disk

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline

synovia

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities

bursa (pl. bursae)

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

ligament

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

skeletal muscles/striated muscles

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles

smooth muscles/unstriated muscles

located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily

cardiac muscle/myocardium

forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

abduction

movement away from the midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

Inversion

turning inward

eversion

turning outward

extension

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

flexion

movement in which a limb is bend, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

supination

movement that turns the palm up

rotation

turning around its own axis

carp/o

carpals (wrist) (CF)

clavic/o, clavicul/o

clavicle (collarbone) (CF)

cost/o

rib (CF)

crani/o

cranium (skull) (combining form)

femor/o

femur (upper leg bone) (CF)

fibul/o

fibula (lower leg bone) (perone/o is also a word root for fibula) (CF)

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone) (CF)

ili/o

ilium (CF)

ischi/o

ischium (CF)

lumb/o

loin, lumbar region of the spine (CF)

mandibul/o

mandible (lower jawbone) (CF)

maxill/o

maxilla (upper jawbone) (CF)

patell/o

patella (kneecap) (CF)

pelv/i, pelv/o

pelvis, pelvic bone (CF)

phalang/o

phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes) (CF)

pub/o

pubis (CF)

rachi/o, spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebra, spine, vertebral column (CF)

radi/o

radius (lower arm bone) (CF)

sacr/o

sacrum (CF)

scapul/o

scapula (shoulder blade) (combining form)

stern/o

sternum (breastbone) (CF)

tars/o

tarsals (ankle bones) (CF)

tibi/o

tibia (lower leg bone) (CF)

uln/o

ulna (lower arm bone) (CF)

aponeur/o

aponeurosis (CF)

arthr/o

joint (CF)

burs/o

bursa (cavity) (CF)

chondr/o

cartilage (CF)

disk/o

intervertebral disk (combining form)

menisc/o

meniscus (crescent) (CF)

synovi/o

synovia, synovial membrane (CF)

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon (CF)

ankyl/o

stiff, bent (CF)

kinesi/o

movement, motion (CF)

kyph/o

hump (increased convexity of the spine) (CF)

lamin/o

lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) (CF)

lord/o

bent forward (increased concavity of the spine) (CF)

my/o, myos/o

muscle (CF)

myel/o

bone marrow (CF)