syste FINALS; angiospems

3,800 mya

Time period when life first appeared:

Prokaryotic cell / autotrophic

Biological characteristics of early life forms at 3,800 mya:

1400 mya

Time period when eukaryotic cells appeared:

1000 mya

Time period when multicellular plants appeared:

430 mya

Time period when vascular tissue appeared:

350 mya

Time period when seeds appeared:

130 mya

Time period when flowers appeared:

1. Earth

2. Prokaryotes

3. Eukaryotes

4. Multicellular life

5. Vascular tissue

6. Seeds

7. Flowers

enumerate the major evolutionary advances from earliest to latest

Angiosperm

. flower, usually with perianth

Angiosperm

stamens with 2 lateral thecae, each composed of 2 microsporangia

Angiosperm

reduced, 3-nucleate male gametophyte

conduplicate

(inwardly folded longitudinally & along the central margin)

Angiosperm

carpel body encloses seed

Angiosperm

ovules with 2 integuments • bitegmic with micropyle at distal end

Angiosperm

reduced, 8-nucleate female gametophyte

zygote

1 sperm + egg

endosperm

1 sperm + polar nuclei

seed coat

in endosperm formation of angisperm, the outer and inner integument will become __ after fertilization

degenerate

in endosperm formation of angisperm, the megasporangium will become __ after fertilization

3 antipodal cells, 2 polar nuclei, 3 egg cells

for female angiosperm, enumerate all its nuclei

endosperm (3n)

in endosperm formation of angisperm, the polar nuclei and sperm cell will become __ after fertilization

zygote (2n)

in endosperm formation of angisperm, the sperm and egg cell will become __ after fertilization

in endosperm formation of angisperm, the outer and inner integument will become __ after fertilization

cotyledons, epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle

in endosperm formation of angisperm, enumerate the parts of the the embryo

Cotyledons

Often called "seed leaves," these act as nutrient reserves. They nourish the developing seedling until it is capable of photosynthesis.

Epicotyl

The embryonic shoot located just above the attachment point of the cotyledons. It develops into the upper stem and the plant's true leaves.

Hypocotyl

The section of the embryonic stem located below the cotyledons and above the root. It often pushes through the soil during germination

Radicle

The embryonic root. It is the very first part of the embryo to emerge from the seed coat and anchors the plant into the soil.

sieve plates

contain pores at end walls larger than lateral pores

sieve cells

are primitive sugar-conducting cells

vessels

___found in all but primitive angiosperms

Xylem

primarily transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

Xylem

Tracheids and vessel elements

Phloem

distributes sugars and amino acids produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant in both directions

Phloem

Sieve tube members and companion cells