lang tier 2 vocab :(

active voice

essentially any sentence with an active verb; usually preferred in writing because it expresses more energy and command than passive voice. [opposite of passive voice]

anadiplosis

repetition technique where the last word of the clause begins the next clause, creating a connection of ideas important to the author’s purpose

anaphora

the deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive phrases, clauses, or lines. [often seen in political speeches]

anastrophe

the reversal (inversion) of the natural order of words in a sentence

antimetabole

repetition of specific words in the reverse order

aphorism

a brief statement of an opinion or an elemental truth

appositive

a noun phrase that modifies the noun next to it

archaic diction

old-fashioned or outdated choice of words

asyndeton

the omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words

complex sentence

a sentence structure that is a combination of a dependent clause and an independent clause

compound sentence

a sentence structure made up of two independent clauses joined typically by a coordinating conjunction

complex-compound sentence

a combination of a compound and complex sentence

cumulative sentence

a sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on

declarative sentence

the most common type of sentence, it is a basic statement or assertion

deductive reasoning

a logical process by which one reaches a conclusion by using claims or premises that are generally believed to be true. The assumption by the author is that you will accept the claims as true and that you will then deduce the correct conclusion

dependent clause

this clause contains a noun and a verb but is set up with a subordinate conjunction, which makes the clause an incomplete sentence or thought

epistrophe

the ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words; when used in a speech it is emotionally potent

euphemism

a safer, nicer, or more appropriate/acceptable word for something others find inappropriate or unappealing

exclamatory sentence

a sentence that conveys excitement or force

generalization

a sweeping or broad statement or conclusion drawn about a group of people, or things, and applied to groups of people or things

hortative sentence

a sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action

imperative sentence

a sentence that is used to command or enjoin

independent clause

a clause that can stand alone as a sentence; it has a subject and predicate

inductive reasoning

a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars or specific instances to universals in order to draw a general conclusion

interrogative sentence

a sentence that is a question

jargon

a pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people or profession

malapropism

the form of wordplay in which one word is mistakenly substituted for another that sounds similar. Usually used to be amusing or funny

metonymy

figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for another with which it is closely associated

paradox

a statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth

parallelism

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses

passive voice

the subject is the recipient of the verb’s action [opposite of active voice]

periodic sentence

a sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end

polysyndeton

the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words

propaganda

the spread of ideas and information to further a cause; in a negative sense it is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause

qualitative evidence

evidence that includes things that are interpretation-based, descriptive, or related to language and can be categorized to help understand the how, why, what happened, etc.

quantitative evidence

evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers to help us understand how many, how much, how often, etc.

simple sentence

an independent clause; has a subject and a verb

synecdoche

figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole

syntax

the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order (ex: subject-verb-object or an inverted structure); the length and structure of the sentences (simple, compound, complex compound-complex); and such schemes as parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole

zeugma

use of two different words in grammatically similar ways that produce different, often incongruous, meanings