Republicans and the War of 1812

Marbury vs. Madison

Chief Justice= John Marshall

As President, John Adams appointed Federalist justices, nicknamed, 'PThe Midnight Judges."

Of those was William Marbury who was appointed justice of the peace.

When Adam's term ended and Thomas Jefferson became President, many commissions were

not passed on time and became void.

Marbury petitioned Secretary of State, James Madison, to send the documents

RULING: Under the Judiciary Act of 1789, that Marbury's claim was unconstitutional, and his

petition was ignored

Judicial Review

The doctrine that allowed the Judicial Branch to review actions made by both the Legislative

Branch and the executive branch.

Showed the separation of powers within the government branches.

Gave judicial power of annulling acts that are viewed as going against the Constitution.

Midnight Judges

The Federalist judges and justices that were appointed by President John Adams.

When Adams's term ended, many appointees were denied their positions.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1801-1835.

Originally head of the Virginian Federalist Party, and Secretary of State under John Adams.

Under Marshall, the Supreme Court was given equal power as the Legislative Branch and the

Executive Branch, as well as Judicial Review.

Land Act of 1800

By William Henry Harrison

GOAL: Attract immigrants to the western United States by having small piece of land to be sold.

Jefferson and the judiciary

Thomas Jefferson was suspicious and mistrusting of his judges and justices.

Argued against a bill of rights due to the power it would give the judiciary branch.

barbary pirates/ Tripolitan War

Barbary pirates operated from North Africa.

ISSUE: The pirates wanted tribute from each of the United States merchant ships that were

located in The Mediterranean Sea.

U.S. navy attacks Barbary cities anu uemanded-free passage.

Democratic-Republicans thought to just pay tribute to end the battles, but Presidents Jefferson

and Madison refused.

Stephen Decatur

American naval officer.

Served in the Barbary War.

Youngest man to rank captain in the history of The Naval Force of America.

burned down uss chesapeake

Louisiana Territory

U.S. bought 828,000 sq. miles of land.

Bought from the French territory of Louisiana.

Purchased for about 15 million dollars.

President Thomas Jefferson's greatest achievement during his presidency.

Doubled the original United States in size, and expanded the U.S. westward.

James Monroe, Robert Livingston

Both James Monroe and Robert Livingston were sent by President Thomas Jefferson to

negotiate in Paris on the Louisiana Purchase.

Originally aimed to purchase only New Orleans, however, Napolean offered all of Louisiana.

Louisiana Purchase — reasons for, how

Thomas Jefferson desired New Orleans for ports in trade.

Sent Monroe and Livingston to negotiate when Napolean offered all of the land of the Louisiana

Purchase.

Signed immediately in fear of Napolean taking New Orleans out of the deal.

Jefferson & loose construction

mostly used about conservatism in the judiciary branch.

Called for the restraint of the judicial to the constitutions and laws.

Lewis & Clark

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by President Thomas Jefferson to study the area of the newly required western coast of the United States. The First transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Ocean in the history of the United States. Sacagawea: A vital piece to the expedition. She was a tribal women married to Toussaint Charbonneau, who helped lead the expedition, and worked as the translator and guide to the group.

Saint Domingue

A French colony on the Caribbean that became an independent nation called Haiti, in the ear 1804. Originally run by Spain due to Christopher Columbus taking possession of it in 1492. Originally called Hispaniola, but only the western area became independent. The Eastern later became the Dominican Republic.

L’ouverture

He was the leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Military and political genius led to the start of the independent black state in Haiti.

Leader of slave rebellion.

His prowess of a black man greatly affected slavery issues in the United States.

Burr conspiracy

Suspected office members and politicians of treason, who were led by a former Vice President,

Aaron Burr.

Accusations against Burr claimed he attempted to create an independent nation in North

America.

Burr argued he was taking possession of land in the Texas Territory leased by the Spanish to

him.

Jefferson had Burr arrested and tried for treason.

impressments

Definition: taking men into navy forces by force and without any notice.

British ships out at sea began impressing American men on ship they captured.

Caused great tensions between the U.S. and Britain leading to the War of 1812.

Orders in Council

British decree of the King and Queen that allows the British government to decree policies.

Restricted neutral trade and brought on the navy blockade of France and its allies.

Embargo Act of 1807 — purpose, impact

Embargo against Great Britain and France.

Arose due to the anger Americans' felt as their neutrality was violated when U.S. merchant ship

were taken as contraband by European ships.

Violated the neutral state of America, and grew support for war.

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

June 22, 180 off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia.

Naval battle between the British HMS Leopard and the U.S. USS Chesapeake.

James Barron: commander of the Chesapeake and forced to surrender from being caught off

guard and ill-prepared for an attack.

Chesapeake later allowed to return after executing one man aboard the Leopard, and other

tried for desertion.

Barron stripped of command as of return.

Nonintercourse Act

Name given to 6 statutes by US. Congress.

Regulated commerce between non-lndians and the Native-Americans.

Prohibit purchasing of Indian lands without approval from Federal Government.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Goal: To motivate Great Britain and France to stop their seizing of American ships and vessels.

Revised version of Macon's Bill No. 1 by Nathaniel Macon.

Lifted embargoes with France and Britain for 3 months.

America threatened to end trade with either country if one were to attack another U.S. vessel.

The War Hawks

• Mainly consisted of Democratic-Republicans of the South and West.

• Favored war in a debate of whether the U.S. should enter in a war.

• Wanted to go to war with Britain because of the attacks of American Shipping.

• Opposite of the War Doves: those who opposed going to war.

Mr. Madison's War

Reasons for war:

• Reasons for war: •

1. trading with France

2. Impressments

3.1ndian Raids gaining British support

4. U.S. desire for expansionism

• Britain blockaded U.S. ports further angering the Americans. Maine had smuggling and illegal trade between Britain and America. "Burning of Washington"- Robert Ross led British army forces and set fire to the white house. Francis Scott Key- "Star-Spangled Banner" TREATY OF GHENT- peace treaty, end of War of 1812. -Eased relations with U.S. and Britain, however, took long to reach America that the Battle of New Orleans was fought before it was ratified.

Nationalism

Nationalism is a popular sentiment that places the existence and well being of the nation

highest in the scale of political loyalties.

Sectionalism

Restriction of interest to a narrow sphere; undue concern with local interests or petty

distinctions at the expense of general well-being.

Causes of War of 1812:

1.Blockade of U.S. ports ("our commerce has been plundered in every sea")

2.Britain's refusal to repeal its Order-In-CounciI forbidding neutral countries to trade with European countries, and the British Navy's enforcement of this order

3. Britain's incitement of Native Americans (conventionally referred to as "savages") to violence against the Americans.

4. In the U.S. presidential election of 1812, U.S. President James Madison argued for war against Britain. The War of 1812 was thus the first war "sold" to the American public via popular appeal.

5.0ngoing impressment of American sailors into service on British Navy ships, an insulting breach of American sovereignty; Britain's navy "violating the rights and the peace of our coasts"

6.1n the United States House of Representatives, a group of young men known as the "War Hawks" The War Hawks advocated going to war against Great Britain for a variety of reasons, mostly related to the interference of the Royal Navy in American shipping

Federalist Opposition to War:

some in New England, began to advocate constitutional changes that increase their diminished influence at the national level. This undercut their position, leaving them with little support. They returned home, and the decline of the Federalist Party picked up spee

Problems with Tecumseh, the Prophet

Under the leadership of Tenskwatawa (The Prophet) and Tecumseh, the sons of a Shawnee

Chief, a religious revival inspired further resistance to the American advance during the decade

of the nineteenth century.

Battle of Tippecanoe

The Indian cause received a set-back when their force was defeated by the American General

Harrison, at Tippecanoe (Indiana) in 1811. These events prepared the way for Indian

participation in the War of 1812.

illiam Henry Harrison

he was made commander of the Army of the Northwest on September 17, 1812.

Promoted to major general, he worked diligently to transform his army from an untrained

mob into a disciplined fighting force. Unable to go on the offensive while British ships

controlled Lake Erie, he worked to defend American settlements. In late September 1813,

after the American victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, Harrison moved to the attack. Ferried to

Detroit by Master Commandant Oliver H. Perry's victorious squadron, Harrison set off in pursuit

British and Native American forces under Major General Henry Proctor and Tecumseh.

Commodore Matthew Perry

He served in the War of 1812 against Britain. After supervising the building of a fleet at Erie,

Pennsylvania, at the age of 27 earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces

in a decisive naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal and

the Thanks of Congress.

His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign

victories, and the fleet victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the War of 1812.

Lake Erie

• First, it was a decisive victory for the U.S. Navy over the British Navy, and at the time, the British Navy was the most powerful on earth. For it to be defeated by the navy of the new U.S. was very significant, and it contributed to the sentiment in Britain that the war could not be won and a truce should be called.

• U.S. could (and did) recapture Detroit, and the U.S. then had the position to successfully attack the Indian troops fighting with Britain, and break that important support that the British had and end the threat of a strong Indian alliance against the U.S. With Lake Erie and the northwest stalemated, the British had to change their war strategy and commit more army troops to the war. Had Lake Erie gone to the British, the U.S. would be at a serious disadvantage and likely forced to concede territory to the British at the end of the war,

Washington D.C.

The Burning of Washington in 1814 was an armed conflict during the War of 1812 between

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United States of America.

On August 24, 1814, led by General Robert Ross, a British force occupied Washington, D.C. and

set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg.

The facilities of the U.S. government, including the White House and U.S. Capitol, were largely

destroyed.

Baltimore

The Battle of Baltimore was a combined sea/land battle fought

between British and American forces in the War of 1812.

Turning points of the war as American forces repulsed sea and land invasions of the busy port

city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British army forces.

Battle inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem "Defence of Fort McHenryIt which later

became the lyrics for "The Star-Spangled Banner," the national anthem of the United States of

America.

New Orleans

The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of

the War of 1812. American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an

invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had

acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.

Hartford Convention:

The often misunderstood Hartford Convention, with 26 delegates

from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and dissident counties in Vermont and New

Hampshire, was held in December 1814 to consider remedies. It was called to discuss proposed

Constitutional amendments. Its final report called for several Constitutional amendments.

Treaty of Ghent:

However, when convention representatives arrived in Washington to advocate their changes,

they were greeted with news of a peace treaty with Britain, the Treaty of Ghent, which

essentially restored the pre-war status quo.

Effects of war of 1812

Following the war the Treaty of Ghent was established to return British and American relations

to what they had been before the war.

The Federalist party was destroyed due to rumors of conspiracy.

Increased American patriotism and weakened Native American resistance.

Judiciary Act of 1801:

The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by the Federalist congress where the old capital was

located. It was one of the last laws passed by the federalist congress. This law allowed the

president, then President Adams, would stay up until midnight signing in new federal judges

across the nation.

It allowed the Federalists to still maintain power in the nation after they were a minority party

in congress. This act brought bitterness between the two parties. These judges that were

passed during the last day of President Adams were called "midnight Judges".

Tariff of 1816:

First tariff passed by congress to protect US

from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise

revenues to operate the national government. Another outstanding aspect of the tariff was the

strong support it received from Southern states.

James Madison:

The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the

Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war

of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.

James Monroe:

James Monroe was sent to Paris in 1803 to buy New Orleans and as much land as possible to

the east for a maximum of ten million dollars. Monroe and Robert Livingston arranged all of

Louisiana for fifteen million dollars. Monroe later became James Madison's Secretary of State.

Napolean Bonaparte:

Coinciding with the War of the Sixth Coalition but not considered part of the Napoleonic Wars

by most Americans, the otherwise neutral United States, owing to various transgressions (such

as impressment), by the British Royal Navy, declared war on the United Kingdom and

attempted to invade British North America.

Henry Clay:

Clay was a Political Scientist during the 1820's. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He

developed the American System which US adopted after the War of 1812. The American

System created a protective tariff to American Markets. It also used the tariff to build road and

canal for better transportation. (The American System started a cycle to trading for US market)

Daniel Webster:

A war hawk in Congress in 1816 and was a strong spokesman for New England. He opposed the Tariff of 1816, because it was not in the interest of the shippers that were the majority and that

he represented, but was in the interest of manufacturers.

John C. Calhoun:

John C. Calhoun was part of the New Southern Congress of 1811. He was a representative for

South Carolina and one of the original War Hawks. Calhoun supported the Tariff Bill of 1811

because he thought the bill would lead to manufacturing in the south and cultivation of cotton.

He later changed his mind, though, and opposed it because the bill was being used to enrich

Northern manufacturers.