APUSH review

Native American societies(before 1492)

Before Europeans Natives had a very diversified society and adaptive to their envirnoment

Columbian Exchange

Included transfer of plants(New world-mazie—> old world-wheat), animals(horses-old world—> New world), people(Africans), culture and diseases(smallpox). Plants and animals diversified diets while the transfer of people and diseases devastated populations.

Encomienda system

A labor system used by the Spanish to force natives to work for Spanish landowners in exchange for supposed protection and convert them to Christianity. It allowed for harsh exploitation and decline of indigenous population.

Spanish mission system

Was a network of religious outposts in the Americans to convert natives to christainity and integrate them into Spanish colonial society. Also severed as centers of agriculture, labor, and Spanish influence.

Pueblo revolt

Natives in Mexico who raise up against the Spanish which was fueled by harsh labor demands, forced religious conversions, and cultural suppression; ended in success.

French-Native American fur trade

It was an economic and cultural exchange in which French traded European goods(firearms and tools) for fur from Natives which led to European dependency but also led to intermarriage.

Joint-stock companies

Business in which investors pooled money to fund colonial ventures sharing both profits and risks without one person bearing the risk.

Mercantilism

Economic system where colonies exist to enrich the mother country through trade and resources which is through trade with only the mother country.

Salutary neglect

British colonies governed themselves and traded freely however after the seven years war(French-Indian war) they tightened control on the colonies which led to rise in tensions.

Triangular trade and the Middle passage

The triangular trade was a system of transatlantic trade connected Europe and the new world; exchanging goods and African people. While the middle passage is a brutal voyage transporting Africans that also had high death rates.

Chattel slavery and Indentured servitude

Chattel slavery was a system that had Africans slaves for life and treated as property which is also inherited while indentured servitude involves working for a set amount of years for passage to the Americas but they gained their freedom and occasionally land.

Mayflower compact and Colonial assemblies

Mayflower compact was a agreement by pilgrims that promote self-governing for the good of the colony. Colonial assemblies elected representative bodies that made local laws and giving settlers experienced self-government.

The First Great Awakening

It was a religious revival movement that emphasized personal faith, emotional preaching, and individual connection to God while also challenging traditional authority and spread ideas.

French and Indian war

It was a war over territory especially Ohio river valley which Britain won but left it in debt this led to increase taxation on its colonies.

Proclamation of 1763

It forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian mountains to avoid conflict with natives however the colonist ignored this rule and continued to expand west because they considered it American soil and they have a right to it.

Other British taxes

Common sense—> Articles of Confederation—>Declaration of Independence

Common sense-argued for independence from Britain-→During the revolution the Articles of Confederation is created- created a weak central government with limited powers leaving most authority to the state-→After the American revolution, the Declaration of Independence was created-declared colonies independent from Britain and outline natural rights and grievances against the king

Northwest Ordinance

Admitting new states from the Northwest territory and prohibited slavery

Constitutional convention

The revision of the articles of confederation with the constitution for a stronger federal government

Federalist papers

A series of essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay arguing for ratification of the constitution and benefits of a strong central government

Federalism

system government in which power is divided between national and state government; allows independent govern of specific areas while sharing authority

Hamilton’s financial plan, and the Bank of the U.S.

Hamilton's financial plan-strategy to stabilize U.S. economy including federal assumption of state debts, national bank, and tariffs to support industry. Bank of U.S.-Manage government funds, issue currency, and stabilize the economy, and sparking debate over federal power.

Market revolution and Transportation revolution

• Market revolution- shifted the economy toward industrialization, wage labor, expanded markets which is fueled by canals, roads, and new technology.

• Transportation revolution- improving the movement of goods and people; canals such as the Erie canal and railroads connecting regions, lowering shipping cost, spurred trade, and encouraged westward expansion.

Second Great Awakening, American Anti-slavery society, Seneca falls convention

• Second Great Awakening-emphasize personal faith, individual morality, and social reform, and inspiring movements like abolition and temperance

• American Anti-slavery society- promote the immediate abolition of slavery through activism and publications

• Seneca falls convention-First women’s rights convention in producing the declaration of sentiments demanding equal rights, including suffrage for women

Jacksonian Democracy and Indian removal act

• Jacksonian democracy-promoting greater democracy from white men, expanding voting rights, and emphasizing common man

• Indian removal act-a law that force relocation of Native American tribes to western lands leading to the trail of tears

Manifest destiny and Louisiana purchase

• Manifest destiny-Belief that the American people are destined to expand west and spread American culture and institution

• Louisianan purchase-bought vast territory from France doubling the nation’s size and opening to westward settlement

Cotton Gin

quickly and efficiently removing seeds from cotton fibers increasing cotton production; it also boosted southern economy and also expand slave labor

Missouri compromise, Nullification crisis, and compromise of 1850

• Missouri compromise-Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, also banned slavery north of 36×30 line

• Nullification crisis-South Carolina and federal government argue over tariffs; South Carolina claimed the right to nullify federal laws

• Compromise of 1850-admitting California as a free state, strengthening the fugitive slave act, and allowing popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty, Kansas-Nebraska act, and Bleeding Kansas

• Popular sovereignty-settlers could vote on slavery

• Kansas-Nebraska act-allows Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery with popular sovereignty and repealing the Missouri compromise

• Bleeding Kansas-violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas as a result of the act

Dred Scoot v. Sandford, Free labor Ideology, and Election of 1860

• Dred Scoot v. Sandford-supreme court ruling that African Americans weren’t citizens and that congress couldn’t ban slavery in states; increased sectional tensions

• Free labor ideology-northern belief that freed working men could achieve social mobility and economic independence and oppose expansion of slavery

• Election of 1860-Lincoln’s election which triggered southern secession and started the civil war