Exam 1 Important People

Robert Koch

• first to isolate casual agent of anthrax (bacillus athracis) *not vaccine

• discovered casual agent of tuberculosis (Myobacterium tuberculosis) *not vaccine

• developed “Koch’s Postulates”

  • steps to support pathogenicity

• w/ Louis Pasteur: germ theory & first widespread vaccination efforts

  • Framie Hess: discovered agar as a culture medium

  • Julius Richard Petri: short cylindrical culture dish

Mr. Onesimus & Lady Montagu

• man: enslaved man who had scar on his arm from “variolation;”

  • widespread practice of mitigating smallpox in Africa & Asia

• lady: advocated for the smallpox inoculation to Britain & western Europe

Edward Jenner

• developed first widespread vaccination program (B4 cell & germ theory)

  • milkmaids were immune to smallpox; cowpox is less virulent

  • he exposed (inoculated) patients to material from cowpox lesions to confer a smallpox resistance

    • cow = “vacca” → “vaccination”

Lynn Margulis

• Endosymbiotic Theory

  • mitochondria & chloroplasts in eukaryotes are derived from prokaryote cells that were engulfed by proto-eukaryotic cells

    • Mitochondria & chloroplasts retain own DNA & ribosomes

    • Size & morphology resembles bacteria

      • M: alpha-Proteobacteria

      • C: Cyanobacteria

Louis Pasteur

• “Swan Neck Experiment:” reduce spoilage (pasteurization) in wine & milk

  • disproved spontaneous generation

• Fermentation: w/ yeast as a biological means

• developed the anthrax vaccine by attenuation “weakens virus”

• developed the Rabies vaccine

• discovered casual agents of: Gonorrhea, Dysentery & Staph Infections

  • w/ Robert Koch: germ theory & first widespread vaccination efforts

Sergei Winogradsky

• ukranian/russian who discovered lithotrophy (eat stone) & chemosynthesis

  • “Winogradsky column;” liter bottles of microbes

    • pioneered ‘cycles of life;” microbes cycle nutrients in an ecosystem

      • Biogeochemical cycles: Carbon & Nitrogen cycle

Kary Mullis

• developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

  • Discovered in Hot springs

    • amplified (make more copies of) a gene of interest

      • greatly simplified & reduced cost of working w/ DNA

    • all cells contain ribosomes;

      • structure is conserved & ‘housekeeping genes;”

        • good candidate for broad phylogenetic questions

Carl Woese

• discovered domain Archaea; distinct from bacteria & eukarya

• determined prokaryotes are more diverse than previously thought (from PCR)

  • recognized the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya

    • hyperthermophiles; DNA rDNA sequences compare a wide diversity of microbial life

    • analysis revealed prokaryotic life; NOT monophyletic

    • diversity w/in the prokaryotic lineages was much greater than diversity between euks & proks

Robert Hooke

first to see many microscopic microbes because of lenses & magnify images

• w/ Leeuwenhoek: discovery of early microscopes

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

used physics & chemistry to make BETTER lenses

• w/ Hooke: discovery of early microscopes

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin; the first broadly effective antibiotic substance

Francesco Redi & Lazzaro Spallanzani

challenged spontaneous generation from maggots & flies