CMJN 2100- Exam 1- Auburn University- Johnson

four periods of comm history

classical period (500 B.C.-400 C.E.)

Medieval Period and the Renaissance (400-1600)

Modern Period (1600-1900)

Contemporary Period (1900-present)

classical period (500 B.C.-400 C.E.)

-rhetoric was a respected study taught by great philosophers

-cannons of rhetoric

-classical rhetoric emphasized credibility, ways to ground arguments and audience analysis

-major figures like plato, socrates, Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian

Medieval Period and the Renaissance (400-1600)

-rhetoric is now secondary to theology

-letter writing and preaching

-focus on perspective

major figures like Augustine, cassiodorus, John of salisbury and Erasmus

Modern Period (1600-1900)

-books and newspapers more available

-fourth paths followed by rhetoric: classical, psychological/epistemological, belletristic, elocutionists

-major figures like Frances Bacon, John Locke, Lord James, George Campbell, etc

Contemporary Period (1900-present)

-scientific methods used to analyze comm behavior as social science

-comm study expanded to inter personal and group comm

-rise of electronic media

five cannons of rhetoric

invention, arrangement, style, delivery, memory

contributions from Rene Descartes, John Locke and George Campbell.

Rene Descartes, John Locke argued that truth could be obtained only through discourse that was solidly grounded in an understanding of human rationality.

George Campbell believed that receivers were active participants in the persuasion process and that the effective communicator studied the inner workings, or "faculties," of the human mind.

Definitiosn of comm

1. Communication is a process of acting on information

2. Speech communication is a human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others.

3. Communication is a process whereby people assign meanings to stimuli in order to make sense of the world.

4. Communication is the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc., by the use of symbols—words, pictures, figures, graphs, etc.

The three functions of models

1. explanatory function- dividing a process into constituent parts and showing us how the parts are connected.

2. predictive function- allow us to answer "if ... then" questions.

3.control function- Models guide our behavior. They show us how to control a process.

models are...

simplified versions of very complex processes

perspective and the diff kinds

coherent set of assumptions about the way a process operates

psychological, social constructionist, pragmatic, and cultural studies

rules approach

A belief that communication is governed by rules and that we can understand communication by uncovering the implicit rules people follow as they interact.

phonology

the study of ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language

Semantics

study of the linguistic signs (symbols), including word formation and the internal structure of words

syntactics

study of the rules that govern the combo of words into permissible strings

pragmatics

study of the ways in which people use language forms to achieve goals in social contexts

the CMM Hierarchy

speech act

episode

relationship

life script

cultural patterns

cooperative principle

making our conversational contributions as informative, honest, relevant, and clear as is required

conversational maxims

specific rules that cooperating partners count on others to follow

-Maxims of Quantity (be informative)

-Maxims of Quality (be truthful)

-Maxim of Relation (be relevant)

-Maxims of Manner (be clear)

equivocal communication

Messages that are ambiguous, uncertain, and open to more than one equally valid interpretation.

Kinesics (body language)

non-verbal messages transmitted by the motion and posture of the body. ie facial expressions, gestures.

paralanguage (vocalics)

the voiced part of a spoken message that goes beyond the actual words

Chronemics (time)

the study of how humans use and structure time

Proxemics (space)

the study of how people use space

What happens when nonverbal messages conflict?

they create confusion

What are nonverbal codes very useful for?

giving us information about personal and relational topics we would be embarrassed to talk about

What do our possessions act as?

public symbols of our values, status, and financial success, informing others of our identity and reinforcing our own sense of self.

Disconfirmations

rejecting messages that leave recipients with a diminished sense of self-respect

stages of retreating from intimacy

1. differentiating stage

2. circumscribing stage

3. stagnating stage

4. avoiding stage

5. terminating stage

disclosure response categories

1. give advice

2. analyze your friends problem

3. offer reassurance and support

4. ask questions

5. help you friend's clarify his thinking by paraphrasing his statement

Characteristics of groups

interaction, interdependence, shared behavioral standards, collective identity

Factors that increase group productivity

Members have a variety of different skills and knowledge.

Everyone is committed to group goals.

There is individual accountability.

All members have an opportunity to contribute.

Members have critical skills.

There is an atmosphere of positive interdependence.

Factors that decrease group productivity

The group is too large to use all members' resources adequately.

Members feel their individual efforts don't make a difference.

There is a perception that others are taking a free ride.

Members lack commitment to the group.

There is too great a desire for unanimity.

Members have hidden agendas or conflicting goal.

Elaborator

Thinks of examples, offers rationales, or works out details of previous suggestions

coordinator

Pulls together ideas and suggestions and coordinates work of various subgroups

orienter

Summarizes what has occurred or asks questions about the path the group will take

Energizer

Prods group to action and stimulates greater levels of group activity

culture characteristics

learned, shared, multifaceted, dynamic

Vertical Relationships

relationships in which some people are afforded more status than others

horizontal relationships

relationships with status equals

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

assumption of similarity

a refusal to see true differences where they exist

culture shock

the anxiety that results from losing all of our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

characteristics of demographic audience analysis

age and gender

motivated sequence steps

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

To make visual aids Moree effective they should

-not distract

-be easy to see

-be simple

-be easy to handle

-be subordinate to the ideas they are meant to illustrate

How do you become a more responsible communicator?

-deliver truthful information

-adapt to your audience

-treat audience with respect

-encourage your audience to make independent decisions

-audience informs and educates theirselves and doesn't just go off of everything the speaker says

message

what the source is trying to get across

channel

how the message is sent

feedback

receiver to source (can be nonverbal)

context

how comm is being run

sophists

Professional teachers who educated individuals for a fee

what was comm grouped with in early 20th century?

sociology, psychology and political science

PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL

Assumes (takes for granted) that communication is a behavioral process

WORLD BUILDING MODEL

assumes (takes for granted) that the purpose of communication is to build community

James Carey's definition of communication

communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed

PRAGMATIC MODEL

ocuses on the structure of communication; it assumes (takes for granted) that communication is methodical and rule-based

Ethos

credibility

Pathos

emotional appeal

Logos

Appeal to logic

what are the three goals of public speaking?

persuade, inform, entertain

organization of speech

introduction, body, conclusion

Attitudes

Opinions that link an individual to a topic; whether you favor or disfavor something; attitudes predispose a person to respond to a topic in a particular way

Values

General and enduring ideas about what is important

Beliefs

Opinions about what is or is not the case; what we believe to be truewithout proof or evidence

initial

what audience thinks of you before you ever speak

derived

everything a speaker says/dies during speech

terminal

what audience thinks of speaker and speech once its all over

What does effective persuasion involve?

fitting arguments to the target audience

required parts of the Toulmin Model

data, claim, warrant

optional parts of the Toulmin

backing, rebuttal and qualifier

fallacy

error in reasoning

language is.....

symbolic

how is language rule governed and productive?

Language enables communication

It is one of the CODES through which we encode and decode messages

how is language intrapersonal?

We communicate with ourselves through language

can language have a gender?

yes it can be feminine or masculine

Relationship language

-Men tend to believe the relationship is going well as long as nothing is being discussed

-Women tend to believe the relationship is going well when it can be discussed

interpersonal communication

a special kind of dyadic communication, characterized by the development of personally negotiated rules, increased information exchange, and progressively deeper levels of knowledge.

examples of interpersonal dyads

Romantic partners Parent/child Siblings

Friends - Deep Bonds Acquaintances - Small Talk

Co-workers - Can develop into friendships

Relatives

Mentors

Types of tensions that interpersonal dyads face

expressive-protective dialectic, autonomy-togetherness dialectic, and novelty-predictability dialectic

rigid role relations

distribution of power within the relationship

Patterns of communication behavior

complementary, symmetrical (competitive), and asymmetrical (submissive)

Nonverbal Communication

stimulus other than words [that] create meaning in either a sender's or receiver's mind (Trenholm textbook).

What is the one defining feature of non verbal comm?

it is often unintentional

Kinesic Code I:

body movement and gesture

Kinesic Code II

facial expressions and eye behavior

what are the four territories?

Public: shared with others (crowded stadium or an airplane)

Home: owned & controlled by individuals

Interaction: space defined by group or individual interactions (Frat House)

Body territories: most private (Trump and Clinton)

how can territories be encroached?

Contamination: polluted or made unacceptable

Violation: unwarranted entry or use of space (student not in classroom sitting in on class)

Invasion: most serious: someone not authorized to use a space take control of it

group communication

A group is a special kind of entity. It is a collection of individuals who, as a result of interacting with one another over time, become interdependent, developing sharedpatterns of behavior and a collective identity.

Task roles in a group

problem solving

promoting a cause

generating ideas (Jonah Lehrer's book "Imagine")

achieving a task-oriented goal

focus on managing time and tasks

Social roles in a group

Membership in the group is important to the individual's identity

Goals are accomplished with focus on relationships (rather than tasks or time management)

Social skills, loyalty to group are critically important

Results of GroupThink

Problem solving disrupted

Members ignore alternatives

Do not test ideas against reality

Refuse to make contingency plans

family communication patterns

ways that conversation and conformity orientations combine in four ways.

Types of leaders

Authoritarian

Democratic

Laissez-faire

Task oriented Completer/Finisher

Motivator