Sociology 100 chapter 1

Who are the foundational Theorist

Emile Durkheim

Karl Marx

Max Weber

What are the Perspectives

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM

FUNCTIONALISM

CRITICAL THEORY

What is symbolic interactionism theory

is a micro-level theory

that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. people active in shaping social world

ex.What's it mean to be an X?

The way one-on-one interactions and communications behave.

A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to:theatrical roles

what is functionalism theory

a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to

meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society

macro or mid theory

ex. how each organ works together to keep body healthy/ or not

criticism pg19

what is critical theory

expansion of conflict theory is

what theorist was karl Marx

conflict theorist

what type of theorist was max weber

symbolic interactionalis

what type of theorist was Emile Durkheim

functionalist

Critical Theory

German philosophers, known as the Frankfurt School, developed critical theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles.

is an expansion of conflict theory and is broader than just sociology, incorporating other social sciences and philosophy.

constructivism

an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans

cognitively construct it to be

culture

a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs

s comprised of shared values (ideals), beliefs which strengthen the values, norms and rules that maintain the values, language so that the values can be taught,

product of people in a society

function

the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to

structural continuity

generalized others

the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

case study

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

types of sampling

Random

stratified

snowball

cluster

voluntary

culture relativism

is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture

symbolic culture

language

existing culture

material culture

non-material culture

as items you can touch-they are tangible. in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. These are things you cannot touch.

symbolic culture

Sapir whorf

Even while it constantly evolves, language shapes our perception of reality and our behavior. In the 1920s, linguists Benjamin and Edward \----

advanced this idea which became known as \_______

or linguistic relativity. It is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and therefore understand their world through the cultural meanings embedded in their language.

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

A hypothesis

is an explanation for a phenomenon based on a conjecture about the relationship between the phenomenon and one or more causal factors. In sociology, the hypothesis will often predict how one form of human behavior influences another.

interpretive framework

sometimes referred to as an interpretive perspective, seeks to understand social worlds from the point of view of participants, which leads to in-depth knowledge or understands about the human experience.

what is primary source data

such as survey, participant observation, ethnography, case study, unobtrusive observations, experiment,

what is secondary data analysis

using data collected by others and applying new interpretations

survey

collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire or an interview.

define sample

small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population

define field research

refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment. To conduct field research, the sociologist must be willing to step into new environments and observe, participate, or experience those worlds.

the sociologists, rather than the subjects, are the ones out of their element.

participant observation

when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make

observations from an "insider" perspective

define ethnography

participating and observing thinking and behavior in a social setting

define case study

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

define Hawthorne effect

what is code of ethics

a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster

ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology

accuracy

using a tool makes the measuring more precise.

random sample

every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study. As a result, a Gallup Poll, if conducted as a nationwide random sampling, should be able to provide an accurate estimate of public opinion whether it contacts 2,000 or 10,000 people.

high culture

to describe the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest or elite class segments of a society.

low culture

is associated with the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the lowest class segments of a society.

popular culture

refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society.

events might include a parade, a baseball game, or the season finale of a television show

culture universals

are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies. One example of a cultural universal is the family unit: every human society recognizes a family structure that regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children.

Ethnocentrism

which means to evaluate and judge another culture based on one's own cultural norms.

cultural imperialism

is the deliberate imposition of one's own culture values on another culture

culture shock

When people find themselves in a new culture, they may experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this

Xenocentrism

is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one's own

values

ideals, or principles and standards members of a culture hold in high regard.

a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society

beliefs

Values are deeply embedded and are critical for learning a culture's\_____

which are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.

ideal culture

what values portray

the standards society would like to embrace and live up to

real culture

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

sanctions

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

social control

ways to encourage conformity to cultural norms or rules.

Subculture

a smaller cultural group within a larger culture. People of a subculture are part of the larger culture but also share a specific identity within a smaller group.*

ex. tattoo people

have independent values

distinguish from the large culture

counter culture

which reject some of the larger culture's norms and values. In contrast to subcultures, which operate relatively smoothly within the larger society,

might actively defy larger society by developing their own set of rules and norms to live by, sometimes even creating communities that operate outside of greater society.

ex survivalist or white supremacist

culture lag

refers to the time that passes between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its social acceptance.

can also cause tangible problems.

Functionalism on Culture

the different categories of culture as serving many functions. Having membership in a culture, a subculture, or a counterculture brings camaraderie and social cohesion and benefits the larger society by providing places for people who share similar ideas.

conflict theorist on culture

view social structure as inherently unequal, based on power differentials related to issues like class, gender, race, and age.