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Who are the foundational Theorist
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Max Weber
What are the Perspectives
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
FUNCTIONALISM
CRITICAL THEORY
What is symbolic interactionism theory
is a micro-level theory
that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society. Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds. people active in shaping social world
ex.What's it mean to be an X?
The way one-on-one interactions and communications behave.
A symbolic interactionist may compare social interactions to:theatrical roles
what is functionalism theory
a theoretical approach that sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to
meet the biological and social needs of individuals that make up that society
macro or mid theory
ex. how each organ works together to keep body healthy/ or not
criticism pg19
what is critical theory
expansion of conflict theory is
what theorist was karl Marx
conflict theorist
what type of theorist was max weber
symbolic interactionalis
what type of theorist was Emile Durkheim
functionalist
Critical Theory
German philosophers, known as the Frankfurt School, developed critical theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles.
is an expansion of conflict theory and is broader than just sociology, incorporating other social sciences and philosophy.
constructivism
an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans
cognitively construct it to be
culture
a group's shared practices, values, and beliefs
s comprised of shared values (ideals), beliefs which strengthen the values, norms and rules that maintain the values, language so that the values can be taught,
product of people in a society
function
the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to
structural continuity
generalized others
the organized and generalized attitude of a social group
case study
in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
types of sampling
Random
stratified
snowball
cluster
voluntary
culture relativism
is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture
symbolic culture
language
existing culture
material culture
non-material culture
as items you can touch-they are tangible. in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society. These are things you cannot touch.
symbolic culture
Sapir whorf
Even while it constantly evolves, language shapes our perception of reality and our behavior. In the 1920s, linguists Benjamin and Edward ----
advanced this idea which became known as _______
or linguistic relativity. It is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and therefore understand their world through the cultural meanings embedded in their language.
the way that people understand the world based on their form of language
A hypothesis
is an explanation for a phenomenon based on a conjecture about the relationship between the phenomenon and one or more causal factors. In sociology, the hypothesis will often predict how one form of human behavior influences another.
interpretive framework
sometimes referred to as an interpretive perspective, seeks to understand social worlds from the point of view of participants, which leads to in-depth knowledge or understands about the human experience.
what is primary source data
such as survey, participant observation, ethnography, case study, unobtrusive observations, experiment,
what is secondary data analysis
using data collected by others and applying new interpretations
survey
collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire or an interview.
define sample
small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population
define field research
refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment. To conduct field research, the sociologist must be willing to step into new environments and observe, participate, or experience those worlds.
the sociologists, rather than the subjects, are the ones out of their element.
participant observation
when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make
observations from an "insider" perspective
define ethnography
participating and observing thinking and behavior in a social setting
define case study
in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
define Hawthorne effect
what is code of ethics
a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster
ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology
accuracy
using a tool makes the measuring more precise.
random sample
every person in a population has the same chance of being chosen for the study. As a result, a Gallup Poll, if conducted as a nationwide random sampling, should be able to provide an accurate estimate of public opinion whether it contacts 2,000 or 10,000 people.
high culture
to describe the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest or elite class segments of a society.
low culture
is associated with the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the lowest class segments of a society.
popular culture
refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society.
events might include a parade, a baseball game, or the season finale of a television show
culture universals
are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies. One example of a cultural universal is the family unit: every human society recognizes a family structure that regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children.
Ethnocentrism
which means to evaluate and judge another culture based on one's own cultural norms.
cultural imperialism
is the deliberate imposition of one's own culture values on another culture
culture shock
When people find themselves in a new culture, they may experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this
Xenocentrism
is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one's own
values
ideals, or principles and standards members of a culture hold in high regard.
a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society
beliefs
Values are deeply embedded and are critical for learning a culture's_____
which are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.
ideal culture
what values portray
the standards society would like to embrace and live up to
real culture
the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists
sanctions
a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors
social control
ways to encourage conformity to cultural norms or rules.
Subculture
a smaller cultural group within a larger culture. People of a subculture are part of the larger culture but also share a specific identity within a smaller group.*
ex. tattoo people
have independent values
distinguish from the large culture
counter culture
which reject some of the larger culture's norms and values. In contrast to subcultures, which operate relatively smoothly within the larger society,
might actively defy larger society by developing their own set of rules and norms to live by, sometimes even creating communities that operate outside of greater society.
ex survivalist or white supremacist
culture lag
refers to the time that passes between the introduction of a new item of material culture and its social acceptance.
can also cause tangible problems.
Functionalism on Culture
the different categories of culture as serving many functions. Having membership in a culture, a subculture, or a counterculture brings camaraderie and social cohesion and benefits the larger society by providing places for people who share similar ideas.
conflict theorist on culture
view social structure as inherently unequal, based on power differentials related to issues like class, gender, race, and age.
Note 
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