AP Human Geography, Unit 1-2, Test Review

Absolute Location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to another place

Cutural Ecology

The study of the relationship between the physical environment and culture of humans/ability to adapt

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adapt

Environmental Determinism

A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and determined by environmental conditions

Map Distortion

The distortion of land areas when a 3D object is made 2D (Types: shape, distance, size, direction)

Mercator Map

A rectangular map used in navigation that shows directions accurately; sizes and distances are distorted

Contour Map

A map that shows elevation using contour lines

Topographic Map

A map that shows the surface features of an area

Dot Map

A map where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

GPS

Global Positioning System; A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

GIS

Geographic Information System; A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

Globalization

The process by which organizations develop international influence

Carl O. Sauer

An American geographer that defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

Toponym

The name given to a place on Earth

Distance Decay

The decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

Latitude and Longitude

Lines on globes and maps that provide information to help you easily locate places on the Earth (latitude is horizontal, left to right; longitude is vertical, up to down)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of births per year for every 1,000 people alive

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people alive

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children born from a woman during her childbearing years

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths per year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

Demographic Transition Model

(DTM) A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time

DTM Stage 1: High Stationary

Factor: High Stationary, Birth Rate: High, Death Rate: High, Population Change: Very Low Growth, Population Structure: Very Young, (scattered isolated groups "no one is in stage 1")

(CBR and CDR are both high)

DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding

Factor: Early Expanding, Birth Rate: High, Death Rate: Rapidly Declining, Population Change: Rapid Growth, Population Structure: Very Young, (Mali, South Sudan, Gambia)

(CDR falls faster than CBR)

DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding

Factor: Late Expanding, Birth Rate: Declining, Death Rate: Declining, Population Change: Rapid but slowing growth, Population Structure: Young with rising life expectancy, (Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia)

(CBR declines)

DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary

Factor: Low Stationary, Birth Rate: Low and Stable, Death Rate: Low and Stable, Population Change: Very Low Growth, Population Structure: Balanced with more aging, (United States, China, Denmark)

(CBR and CDR are low)

DTM Stage 5: Declining

Factor: Declining, Birth Rate: Very Low/Lower than Death Rate, Death Rate: Low, Population Change: Very Low Decline, Population Structure: Very Old, (Japan, Germany)

(CBR falls below CDR)

20th Century Birth Rate Trends

Low Birth Rate due to no longer use of child labor

Population Control Policies

A government program to limit or slow population growth, as by birth control education, the wide availability of contraceptives, and economic incentives (One Child Policy)

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and gender

Thomas Malthus

An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in agriculture which will doom future generations (1766-1834)

Population Density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Population Location

Locations of populated areas (Temperate Grasslands is best because of its agriculture, biodiversity, temperature, and space)

Replacement Level

The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself

Eugenics

Science dealing with improving hereditary qualities

Dependency Ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

Countries with Young Populations

Niger (50%); Angola, Chad, and Mali (48%); Uganda and Somalia (47%), India (27%)

Results of Anti-Natalist Policies

-birth rate of the country is lowered

-the country achieves an average of 400 million fewer births during the past 30 years (according to government claims)

-more affordable living (since there is only one child per family to care for)

-the country is lifted out of a youthful population

Current Population of the Earth

About 7.7 billion people

Cause of Decrease in Mortality Rates Worldwide

Improvements in nutrition, health, medicine, and vaccines