CHY4U-Finner Exam Preparation Flashcards

Historical figures and key concepts for the CHY4U exam preparation, based on the course lecture notes.

Galileo

Scientific figure who championed heliocentrism and faced investigation by the Inquisition.

Bismarck

Prussian statesman who orchestrated the unification of Germany.

Napoleon

French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century.

Henry VIII

English King who initiated the English Reformation and broke away from the Catholic Church.

Louis XVI

The last King of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

Luddite

Members of a 19th-century movement of English textile workers who protested by destroying machinery.

Frederick Il

Enlightened absolute monarch of Prussia known for military victories and domestic reforms.

Martin Luther

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation who authored the 95 Theses.

Dreyfus

French Jewish officer at the center of the Dreyfus Affair, a major political scandal involving wrongful treason charges.

Robespierre

Leading member of the Committee of Public Safety and central figure of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror.

Nietzsche

German philosopher known for challenging traditional morality and concepts such as the Übermensch.

Hobbes

English philosopher who wrote Leviathan and argued that absolute sovereignty is necessary to maintain order.

Marat

Radical journalist and politician of the French Revolution who was assassinated in his medicinal bath.

Nightingale

Pioneering nurse and social reformer known for her work during the Crimean War.

Napoleon III

The first President of France and the last monarch as Emperor of the Second French Empire.

Duke of Brunswick

Prussian commander who issued the Brunswick Manifesto, threatening Paris during the French Revolution.

Lincoln

President of the United States during the American Civil War.

Paine

Revolutionary author of Common Sense, which advocated for American independence.

Metternich

Austrian diplomat who served as the architect of the post-Napoleonic European balance of power.

Burke

Statesman and philosopher regarded as the father of modern conservatism; author of Reflections on the Revolution in France.

Czar Alexander !

Russian ruler during the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna.

Marx

German philosopher and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto.

Voltaire

Enlightenment writer and philosopher known for his advocacy of civil liberties and religious tolerance.

J.S. Mill

Liberal philosopher known for his work on utilitarianism and his essay On Liberty.

Copernicus

Renaissance astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe.

Freud

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.

Adam Smith

Economist and philosopher who wrote The Wealth of Nations, defining classical market economics.

Darwin

Naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister during the latter half of World War I.

Danton

Leading figure in the early French Revolution and the first president of the Committee of Public Safety.

The Sun King

Title for Louis XIV, the French monarch who exemplified absolute rule and built Versailles.

Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued for natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Gutenberg

Inventor of the movable-type printing press.

Admiral Nelson

British naval commander famous for his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Grant

Leading Union General during the American Civil War and later U.S. President.

Herbert Spencer

Philosopher who applied evolutionary theory to sociology and coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest.'

Bolivar

Military and political leader who led the independence of several South American countries from Spain.

Bentham

English philosopher and jurist regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

Hidalgo

Mexican Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.

Garibaldi

Italian general and nationalist who played a vital role in the unification of Italy.

Rousseau

Genevan philosopher who influenced the Enlightenment with his work The Social Contract.

Levee en Masse

The mass conscription of citizens into the French Revolutionary army to defend the nation.

Tennis Court Oath

A pivotal event during the French Revolution where the Third Estate vowed to remain assembled until a constitution was established.

Protestant Reformation

The 16th-century religious movement that led to the split from the Roman Catholic Church.

Industrial Revolution

The period of transition to new manufacturing processes characterized by mechanization and factories.

Nationalism

An ideology emphasizing the identification of a group with a nation and its interests.

Colonialism

The policy or practice of acquiring political control over another country and occupying it with settlers.

Liberalism vs Conservatism

The ideological tension between reform-based individual rights and tradition-based social stability.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political dominance.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and operations for profit.

Communism

A socio-economic system aiming for a classless society and common ownership of property.

The Enlightenment

The 17th and 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individualism.

Constitutionalism

The principle that government authority is derived from and limited by a fundamental law or constitution.

Social Darwinism

The application of biological concepts of natural selection to sociology and politics.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas starting in 1823.

The Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are not subject to earthly authority.

The Printing Press

Technological invention that allowed for the mass production of books and the spread of information.

Mercantilism

An economic system designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Versailles

The grand palace of the French kings that served as a symbol of absolute monarchy.

French Revolution Timeline

The sequence of major political and social events that occurred in France starting in 1789.

Napoleon's Career Timeline

The chronological progression of events regarding Napoleon Bonaparte's rise, reign, and fall.

Key Events of the 1800's Timeline

The chronological ordering of significant global events occurring during the 19th century.

WWI and WWII Timeline

The chronological sequence of events spanning the First and Second World Wars.