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Moral Nihilism
Belief that there are no moral facts, truths, or knowledge; everything is permissible.
Emotivism
Theory stating moral claims are expressions of feelings; e.g., "Murder is wrong" = "I don't like murder."
Ethical Relativism
Doctrine that morality is relative to society and upbringing.
Utilitarianism
Theory by John Stuart Mill focusing on maximizing happiness for the greatest number.
Happiness
Pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain; goal is to maximize happiness.
Greatest Happiness Principle
Actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they promote the opposite.
Utilitarian Standard
Maximizing happiness for all, not just oneself.
Principle of Equality
Maximizing happiness for the most people.
Kantian Ethics (Deontology)
Focus on duty, free will, and doing right things for the right reasons.
Good will
Highest good for humans; choosing to do right things for the right reasons.
Duty
Obligation to respect others' interests due to their free will.
Categorical Imperative
Treat everyone as an end, not merely as a means; universalizability of actions.
Autonomy
Giving ourselves laws; self-legislation.
Virtue Ethics
Actions shape character; pleasure in virtuous acts indicates virtuous disposition.
Arete
Excellent traits like bravery, generosity, and truthfulness.
Eudaimonia
Living the good life in accordance with perfect virtue.
"Know Thyself"
Understanding strengths and weaknesses to use rationality effectively.
Hypothetical Imperative
If I want this goal, then I should do this (perform these means)
Hippocratic Oath
Rite of passage - “Do no harm”
Medical Paternalism
When medical professional acts on behalf of the patient without caring about the patients wishes (Potential harm must be relatively certain, severe, and irreversible)
Compromised Autonomy
illness disrupts ability to act upon life plans (Perhaps patients can not be fully autonomous)
Legalism
When a physician becomes a competent technician (Ex: go to Best Buy and ask a TV technician for the best TV)
Four Medical Models
Paternalistic Model = provider tells patient what they are going to do (Emergency situations (person is unconscious) )
Informative Model = provider lays info on the table and lets the patient decide (Patients are not always informed enough to make a decision)
Interpretive Model = aim is to figure out what the patient's values are and to help them make decisions based on their values (Provider would act as a counselor)
Deliberative Model = provider and patient deliberate together over what is best (Just as a professor would do for a student)
Beneficence
Medical ethics principle that has to do with doing good
Nonmaleficence
To avoid doing harm
Canterbury v. Spence
Canterbury sues Spence for not communicating the risks of not getting out of bed after back surgery
Informed Consent
When patient agrees to particular treatment only when they have been fully educated about available treatment options, including their prospects for success, side effects
Myths about Informed Consent
Signed consent form is all there is to informed consent
Informed consent is simply a Medical Miranda Warning
Informed consent requires medical professionals to operate a medical cafeteria
Patients must be told everything about treatment
Patients need full disclosure about treatment ONLY if they consent
Patients should not be able to give informed consent because they cannot understand complex medical information
Patients must be given information whether they want it or not
Information should be withheld if it cause the patient to refuse treatment
Cultural Approaches to Truth-telling
European Americans and African Americans value truth a lot (Information is power to the individual)
Mexican Americans and Korean Americans value other things (Persons are expected to infe how to act simply from the social context)
High-context vs. Low-context culture
European Americans and African Americans are low context backgrounds
Korean Americans and Mexican Americans come from high context backgrounds
Moral Distress
When doctors know what their patients need but cannot provide it
Phenomenology
Study of the world as it appears to us in context
Philosophy vs. Science
In science, we use scientific method to answer questions
In philosophy, we question things without necessarily thinking we are going to get any definitive answers
Illness
Is the “revolt” or “rebellion” that happens when something in the body dysfunctions
Convalescence
Becoming well again
The Human Sciences
Humans are too complex to be approached by a scientific objective
Phronesis
Practical wisdom
Dialog
A form of treatment (talking with the patient about something can be therapeutic)
Authority
Nurse is the authority regarding health due to their experience
A patient is also an authority, regarding the patient's life
Naturalism
the view that only physical entities are real
Korper
ones body as a physical object (flesh and bones)
Leib
Ones lived body (includes the in which you experience the world subjectively)
Claustrophobia
Fear of enclosed spaces
Talking cure
Emphasis is on the client's self, and the emphasis is on the client's self-expression (talking it out) leading to a curing effect
The medical model
The aim is to find biological markers in terms of brain chemistry/hormonal imbalances and then treat illness through pharmaceuticals
Medicalization
process by which previously nonmedical problems/issues become defined or treated as medical problems
Dasein
we care about our being (our identity) in ways that an inanimate chair cannot
Befindlichkeit (German word for attunement)
How one finds oneself
General mood
atmospheric in that it can color everything (Walk into a dingy bar, lines with mean biker dudes, space does not feel inviting)
Emotion
geared toward specific things/people (When I see my mother I have an emotion of love or happiness)
Depression
Alteration in one's saliency landscape (Things that used to be significant are not anymore)
Anxiety
A mental condition characterized by excessive apprehensiveness about real or perceived threats, typically leading to avoidance behaviors and often to physical symptoms such as increased heart rate or muscle tension
What are ethics?
principles that guide person’s behaviors in the realm of morality
moral, immoral, and amoral
Moral is doing the right thing for the right reasons for Kant, immoral is doing the wrong thing, and amoral means outside the realm of morality
"first do no harm"
most famous slogan of the Hippocratic Oath that does also apply to abortions and euthanasia
professional privilege
when a professional bends the rules in accordance with their own judgment
What is the importance of truthfulness in healthcare?
Truthfulness is really important in low-context cultures, but sometimes less important in high-context cultures, since there may be conflicting obligations
conflicting obligations
respecting truth versus protecting human dignity
What is an inherent risk?
when the procedure/exam/medication itself has known risks associated with it
What is thrown projection?
Heidegger’s term for the human trajectory in life: we are thrown into a world that we didn’t choose and we project possibilities from the unique situation we’ve found ourself in
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