Rebels and Change in the 19th Century World

Industrial Revolution

Technological shift to machine-based manufacturing.

Hong Xiquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion in China.

Adam Smith

Economist known for capitalism principles.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership.

Liberal Imperialism

Political ideology promoting empire expansion.

Henry Hunt

British reformer advocating for political rights.

George Washington Williams

African American historian and author.

Peterloo Massacre

1819 protest against political repression in England.

Congo Free State

Territory exploited by Belgium for resources.

Queen Laxmibai

Leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive civil war in China (1850-1864).

Sepoy Rebellion

Uprising against British rule in India (1857).

Overcrowded Cities

Urban areas with excessive population density.

Consumer Market

Economic system focused on luxury goods.

Long-term Investment

Financial commitment for future returns.

Short-term Survival

Focus on immediate basic needs.

Social Experience

Changes in community and lifestyle dynamics.

Economic Experience

Shifts in financial practices and markets.

Political Changes

Transformations in governance and power structures.

Colonization

Establishing control over foreign territories.

Technological Strength

Advantage gained through advanced machinery.

Resource-rich Countries

Nations abundant in valuable natural resources.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth in the 19th century.

Capitalism

Economic system prioritizing private ownership and minimal government.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher, key figure in capitalism's development.

Free-market

Economic system with minimal government interference.

Bourgeoisie

Emerging middle class with investment power in capitalism.

Working class

Laborers facing poor conditions in factories.

Urbanization

Movement of people to cities for factory jobs.

Economic inequality

Disparity between wealthy bourgeoisie and poor workers.

Factory conditions

Awful working environments with no worker rights.

Overcrowded tenements

Poor living conditions in industrial cities.

Innovation

New ideas or technologies improving efficiency and life.

Investor

Individual providing capital for business growth.

Government regulation

Laws controlling business operations and practices.

Resistance

Opposition to colonial rule, ranging from violence to witness.

Second-class subjects

Colonized peoples treated inferior by political rulers.

Economic freedom

Business autonomy from government control.

Moral philosophy

Study of ethics and happiness in society.

Investment

Allocation of money with expectation of profit.

Social change

Transformations in society due to economic shifts.

Slums

Poor urban areas with inadequate living conditions.

Technological innovation

Advancements in technology driving industrial growth.

Life quality

Overall well-being influenced by economic and social factors.

Haves

Individuals with wealth and resources in society.

Have-Nots

Individuals lacking wealth and resources.

Voting Rights

Legal entitlement to participate in elections.

Henry Hunt

Radical leader advocating for workers' rights.

Peterloo Massacre

1819 violent suppression of peaceful protest in Manchester.

Collective Protest

Joint action by a group to express demands.

Factory Acts

Laws improving working conditions in factories.

Yeomanry

Local militia or police called to suppress protests.

Working Class

Social group of laborers and factory workers.

Women's Suffrage

Movement advocating for women's right to vote.

Industrialization

Process of developing industries in a country.

Political Reform

Changes aimed at improving government and society.

Union Formation

Workers organizing to protect their rights collectively.

Child Labor Laws

Regulations prohibiting child employment in factories.

Social Inequality

Disparity in wealth and opportunities among classes.

Eyewitness Journalists

Reporters who witnessed events firsthand.

Brutal Response

Violent actions taken by authorities against protestors.

Revolution of Reform

Movement aimed at enacting significant societal changes.

Mother Countries

Nations that control colonies and empires.

Colonized Peoples

Groups living under foreign domination in colonies.

Western Europe

Region experiencing significant reform and industrial growth.

Living Conditions

Quality of life and environment for individuals.

Qing Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty of China, ruling 1644-1912.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over opium trade.

Unequal Treaties

Agreements favoring foreign powers, undermining China's sovereignty.

Extraterritorial Rights

Legal immunity for foreigners in China under foreign laws.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive civil war (1850-1864) against Qing Dynasty.

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion, envisioned a utopia.

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

Hong Xiuquan's ideal society with social reforms.

British Imperialism

Expansion of British influence and control over territories.

Social Hierarchy

Structured ranking of individuals within Qing society.

Agrarian Economy

Economy primarily based on agriculture and farming.

Foreign Intervention

Involvement of foreign powers in China's internal affairs.

Civil War

Conflict between factions within a country for control.

Military Support

Assistance from foreign armies to suppress domestic conflicts.

Western Influence

Impact of Western powers on China's governance and economy.

Modernization Imperative

Urgent need for China to adopt modern practices.

Republic of China

Government established after the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

Cultural Traditions

Long-standing customs and practices of Chinese society.

Economic Disruption

Significant disturbance to China's economy during conflicts.

Land Reforms

Changes in land ownership and distribution proposed by Hong.

Foreign Domination

Control exerted by foreign powers over China's affairs.

Industrialization Challenge

Struggle to develop industry amidst foreign pressures.

Qing Government Weakness

Inability to effectively manage internal and external pressures.

British East India Company

A trading company that controlled India.

Sepoy Rebellion

1857 uprising against British East India Company.

Queen Laxmibai

Symbol of resistance during the Sepoy Rebellion.

British Raj

Direct British government control over India.

Industrialization

Economic transformation increasing demand for raw materials.

Congo Free State

Leopold II's personal rule over the Congo.

King Leopold II

Belgian monarch responsible for Congo exploitation.

George Washington Williams

Journalist exposing atrocities in the Congo.

Forced labor

Coerced work imposed on local populations in Congo.

Congo's ethnic groups

Diverse communities with autonomous lifestyles pre-colonization.

Rubber and ivory

Key resources exploited in the Congo.

Social disruption

Disintegration of traditional structures due to colonial rule.