The Roman Empire

integumentary system is the..

skin, largest organ on body

what does the integumentary system provide?

homestasis

-protection

-sensation

-heat regulation

-vitamin D

3 integumentary layers

epidermis

dermis

hypodermis

epidermis is

the top layer of skin that is squamous epithelial cells

-contains melanocytes to make melanin and basal cells

major cell type in epidermis

keratinocytes, produce keratin

dermis is

the middle layer of skin made from collagen and elastin

-provides elasticity and flexibility

-has hair follicle base

-contains sweat and oil glands

where is the termination point of blood vessels and nerves?

dermis

what is hypodermis?

lowest layer of skin for storing fat and regulating heat

how many bones in human body

206

3 main functions of skeletal system

support

blood cell production

anchoring for muscles and joints

bone categories of interest

compact-hard

spongy-contains marrow

ossification is…

process of building bone

osteoblasts…

build bones

osteoclasts…

destroy bone

diaphysis of a bone is

the shaft in the middle

epiphysis of a bone is the

knob at the end

metaphysis of a bone is

where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis

the muddulary of a bone is

the cavity containing marrow

the foramina of the bone is the

tiny channels for lymph and blood vessels

the cartilage of a bone is

tough connective tissue that covers the ends

ligaments are

fibrous tissue for stabalizing joints

how many cervical spine vertebrae?

7, C1-C7

which vertebrae is the atlas

C1

which vertebrae is the axis

C2

how many vertebrae in thoracic spine?

12, T1-T12

how are T and C vertebrae different

T have ribs attached to them

how many vertebrae in the lumbar spine?

5 L1-L5

at what vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

L2-3

sacral spine contains how many vertebrae?

5, S1-5 (fuse together in teen years)

how many bones are in the coccyx?

4 bones that fuse when you are 20-30

3 main muscular system functions

-movement

-posture

-blood circulation

4 characteristics of muscle tissue

-irritability

-contractility

-extendibility

-elasticity

3 muscle types

skeletal

visceral

cardiac

cardiac muscles

striated and involuntary

skeletal muscles

striated with distinct bands, voluntarily controlled, multi-nucleated

visceral muscles

smooth muscles in organs with single nuclei, involuntary

tendons connect what two things

muscles to bones

what are myocytes

the cells that make up muscles

what does mitochondria do?

power the cell

what is ATP?

adenosine Triphosphate is the major fuel cells use for motion

once used what does ATP become?

ADP, adenosine Diphosphate

what occurs to muscles when you do intense exercise with low oxygen in the cells?

cells go to anaerobic pathways

-make creating, phosphagen or do anaerobic glycolysis

-makes lactic acid which fatigues muscles

flexors do what

tighten to decrease angle of a joint

extensors do what

relax to increase angle of a joint

abductors do what

move bone away from midline

adductors do what

move bone toward midline

levators do what

make upward movement

depressors do what

make downward movement

supinators do what

turn palm up and in

pronators do what

turn palm down and out

sphincters do what

decrease size of opening

tensors do what

make body rigid

rotators do what

move bone through rotational movement

what is the cardiovascular system made up of

heart, blood vessels and blood

heart

pumps blood to whole body

-LV pumps out to body

-RV pumps to lung for oxygenation

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from heart

-first step is aorta

capillaries

provide bridge between artery and vein for gaseous diffusion

veins

carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

what is the final vessel in the chain for veins?

sup and inf vena cava

coronary vessels

supply the heart with nutrients

3 major cardiac cells

erythrocytes

leukocytes

thrombocytes

erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

leukocytes

cells that fight bacteria and infection

thrombytes

cells that form blood clots

4 main function of lymphatic system

-takes excess fluid and proteins and returns them to blood

-removes cell waste product

-fights infections

-absorb fat and vitamins from digestive system

lymph is

fluid that circulates the body

-takes tissue fluid and proteins and drains them into lymphatic system

-lots of leukocytes

lymph vessels

carry lymph around the body

lymph nodes

produce lymphocytes and train T-cells

spleen

reservoir of lymphocytes and leukocytes, filters blood

tonsils

cluster of lymphatic tissue in nose and throat

adenoids

cluster of lymph tissue that hangs from back of nasal cavity

peyer’s patches

lymph tissue in small intestine that defends against bacteria in GI

4 major lymphatic cells

lymphocytes

neutrophils

macrophages

dendritic

lymphocytes 3 categories

natural killer

T

B

lymphocytes

white blood cells that develop in bone marrow (see T, B, NK for what they do)

T-cells

AKA killer T-cells are lymphocytes which work to kill cancerous cells, infected cells or foreign cells

B-cells

secrete antibodies and present antigens

NK cells

natural killer cells directly kill cancer cells

neutrophils

most common lymph cells, digest cellular debris

macrophage cells

type of phagocyte that attacks foreign substances and gives antigens

dendritic cells

antigen presenting messenger cells for the immune system

what are antigens and anitbodies

antibodies are proteins made from B cells which bind to antigens on viruses tagging them for destruction

what are immune hormones?

lymphokines steroids or corticosteroids which suppress immune system

two major arms of immune system

innate

adaptive

innate immune system

-physical and chemical barriers

-recruit cells to infection

-identify bacteria and clean up dead cells

-remove foreign substance

-activate adaptive immune system

adaptive immune system

-finds non-self objects and destroys them

-develops memory to help destruction be easier next time

4 main GI functions

-eat

-digest

-absorb nutrients

-expel waste

saliva works to

break down food

esophagous

brings food from mouth to stomach

stomach

breaks down food with acid and mixes it with peristalsis to make chyme for small intestine

small intestine main function and 3 sections

absorb nutrients

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

duodenum

breaks down food with enzymes in first part of small intestine

jejunum

absorbs nutrients in second part of small intestine

ileum

final absorbing section of the small intestine

large intestine 5 sections

absorb water

appendix

cecum

colon

rectum

anus

appendix

small appendage with bacteria to help gut biome

cecum

first part of colon that receives chyme from small intestine

3 parts of colon, what it does

ascending

transverse

descending

transport chyme

anus has

both voluntary and involuntary sphincters

liver

-bile producer

-regulates carb metabolism (creates glucose and glycerol)

-produce triglycerides

-break down insulin

-break down waste products and toxins