APHG Unit 2

Ecumene

a term used by geographers to mean where people are settled on the earth. (along rivers, fertile land, coast, etc)

Arithmetic Density

total number of objects in an area

Physiological Density

Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land (Land suited for agriculture)

Agricultural Density

Ratio of the number of farmers to amount of arable land

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain

Overpopulation

when there are not enough resources in an area to support a population

Age/sex ratio

comparison of the numbers of males and females of different ages. Population structure is unique to each area due to their own unique history and current condition

Population Pyramid

a graph of the population of an area by age and sex - when a population is growing it takes a pyramid shape

Demography

the study of population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of live births per one thousand people in the population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population

Doubling time

the time period it takes for a population to double in size

Fertility

the number of live births occurring in a population

Mortality

the number of deaths occurring in a population

Infant Mortality Rate

number of babies that die during the first year per 1,000 live births

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) (also known as NIR)

(birth rate - death rate)/10 - a positive NIR means a population is growing and a negative NIR means a population is shrinking

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing (fecund) years

Epidemiological Model

Explains how society has developed and the change in how/why people are dying as we have progressed

Malthus Theory

While population increases geometrically, food supply increases arithmetically (population will increase more quickly than food supply)

Neo-Malthusian theory

earth's resources can only support a finite population --Pressure on scarce natural resources leads to famine and war --- Advocate for contraceptives and family planning in order to keep population low and protect resources and prevent famine and war.

Antinatalist policies

when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children (sometimes including punishments)

Pronatalist policies

when a country provides incentives for people to have more children

Immigration policies

States can set up policies that make it easier or harder for people to immigrate to their territory (quotas and accepting or refusing refugees into the country

Contraception

methods of preventing pregnancy

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

The majority of migrants go only a short distance. Migration proceeds step by step (Step Migration). Migrants going long distances generally go to large economic centers Each migration stream produces a compensating counter-stream. Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas - people who live in urban areas are less likely to migrate. Females are more migratory within their area of birth, but males migrate more frequently internationally. Most migrants are young adults, families rarely migrate out of their country. Large towns (Urban areas) grow more as a result of. migration than natural increases (Births). As infrastructure improves (business, roads, industries) migration increases with it. The major directions of migration is from the rural (agricultural) to urban (centers of industry and commerce). The major causes of migration are economic (seeking jobs and opportunity

Dependency ratio

the ratio of the number of people not in the workforce (dependents) and those who are in the workforce (producers) - useful for understanding the pressure on the producers

Life expectancy

the average number of years a person born in a country might expect to live

Push Factors

force that drives people away from a place (no jobs, slavery, political instability, no water)

Pull Factors

force that draws people to immigrate to a place. (jobs, to be near family)

Intervening opportunity

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away (Example: Finding a good paying job when migrating looking for economic options)

Intervening obstacle

and force of factor that may limit human migration (example: Coming into contact with a border, laws, language, natural feature that does not allow the migrant to continue their migration)

Asylum seeker

a person seeking residence in a country outside of their own because they fleeing persecution

Chain migration

a series of migrations within a group that begins with one person who through contact with the group, pulls people to migrate to the same area.

Step-migration

migration to a far away place that takes place in stages

Forced migration

when people migrate not because the want to but because they have no other choice

Guest worker

a legal immigrant who is allowed into the country to work, usually for a relatively short time period

Internally displaced persons

a person forced to flee their home who remains in their home country

Refugee

a person who flees their home country and is not able to return

Transhumance

moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and into the lowlands in the winter

Transnational migration

moving across a border into another country

Voluntary migration

people choosing to migrate (not being forced)

Brain drain

when the majority of educated or skilled workers leave an area to pursue better opportunities elsewhere

Cultural Impact of Migration

loss of culture or migrants bring in new language

Economic Impact of Migration

loss or gain of income dependent on the migrant flow