Lecture Quiz 1

Anatomy

Studies the form and structure of the body

Physiology

Examines how the body functions

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be observed by unaided eye

Specimens observed under microscope.

Types of microscopic anatomy

Cytology and histology

Cytology

Study of the body cells and their internal structure

Histology

Study of tissue

Gross/macroscopic anatomy

Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye.

Specimens dissected for examination

Divisions of gross anatomy

Systemic, regional, surface, and embryology

Systemic anatomy

Studies anatomy of each functional body system

Regional anatomy

Examines all the structures in a particular region of body

Surface anatomy

Focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

Embryology

Studies developmental changes from conception to birth

Physiology

The study of the function of body parts

Cardiovascular physiology

Function of heart, blood vessels, and blood

Neurophysiology

Function of nerves and nervous system

Respiratory physiology

Function of respiratory organs

Reproductive physiology

Function of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Pathophysiology

Relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system

Hierarchy of structure in order

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chemical level

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles

Atom

Smallest units of matter

Molecules

Two or more combined atoms

Sugar, water, vitamins

Macromolecules

More complex molecules

Proteins and deoxribionucleic acid (DNA), lipids, carbohydrates

Organelles

A type of macromolecule, microscopic structures within cells.

Allow for the division of labor

Cellular level

Cells - the smallest living structures

Cells

Basic units of structure and function in organisms. Formed from molecules within the chemical level. Vary widely in structure, reflecting specialized functions

Tissue

Groups of similar cells performing common functions

Four main categories of tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Epithelial tissue

Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities

Connective tissue

Protects, supports, and binds structures and organs

Muscle tissue

Produces movement

Nervous tissue

Conducts nerve impulse

Organ

Two or more tissue types performing specific functions

Organ system

Related organs working together to achieve a common function

Organismal

Highest level of Structural organization

All body systems function interdependently

Homeostasis

Body's ability to maintain a relatively consistent internal environment despite changing internal or external conditions

Five components of homeostasis

Receptor, afferent neuron, control center, efferent neuron, and effector

Control center

Interprets input from receptor and initiates changes

Receptor

Detects changes in a variable

Afferent neuron

Conveys impulses towards CNS

Efferent neuron

Conveys impulses to effector

Effector

Structure that brings about changes to offset stimulus

Negative feedback

Reversal or inversion of initial deviation from set point. Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point. Controls most processes in the body

Positive feedback

Stimulus reinforced to continue moving in same direction

Withdrawal reflex in response to injury

Negative feedback

Fluid volume regulation by kidneys

Negative feedback

Regulating heart rate and blood pressure during exercise

Negative feedback

Changing breathing rate in response to increased CO2

Negative feedback

Parathyroid hormone release in response to decreased calcium

Negative feedback

Release of insulin by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose

Negative feedback

Blood clotting cascade

Positive feedback

Uterine contractions of labor

Positive feedback

High Fever

Positive feedback

Forms of matter

Solid, liquid, gas

Atom

The smallest particle exhibiting properties of an element

The 3 subatomic particles of an atom

Neutron, proton, electron

Charge of neutron

Neutral

Charge of proton

Positive

Charge of electron

Negative

Functions of water

Transport, cushioning, and excretion

Polar characteristics and properties of water

Cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, high heat of vaporization, high specific heat capacity