Chem Unit 0

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106 Terms

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H3P
Hydrogen phosphide
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What is the percent nitrogen (by mass) in ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3?
29\.16%
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Which one of the following elements forms ions with two different valences?
iron(+3, +2)
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Calculate Avg. Atomic Mass

1. Take its percent abundance and turn it into a decimal
2. Then take the percent that is now a decimal and multiple it with its mass in amu
3. Repeat the same steps (1 and 2) for the other isotope
4. Then add both isotopes together

Ex: .40 x 24.02 amu= 9.608

.60 x 26.10 amu= 15.66

15\.66 amu + 9.608 amu= 25.268 amu
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What is the formula of the ionic compound formed between Mg and Br?
MgBr2
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Matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
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Matter is classified as
solid, liquid, gas
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Matter Composition
elements, componds, mixtures
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Pure Substance
made up of only one component
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Examples of elements
Carbon (C), Helium (He), Oxygen (O), Nickel(Ni)
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Examples of compounds
sodium chloride, glucose, calcium carbonate, water
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Mixture
Made up of two or more components
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Hetergeneous
Can see the parts, dissimlar (oil and water); its compostion can be either different or similar to each other
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Homogeneous
All portion are uniform, similar in nature; same composition and properties( salt water)
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Decanting
Pouring off liquid from a precipitate- shows insolubility
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Distillation
Seperates homogeneous mixtures of a liquid and solid- are poured through filter paper and funnel
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Gravity Filtration
A hetergeneous mixture of a liquid and solid are poured through filter paper and funnel
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Vacuum filtration
A vacuum is set up with a sink appratus to aid the filtration process
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Physical property(only state and apperance change)
Only apperance and state change, still the same compostion and substance. Ex: Boiling and cutting, color of a substance, melting and density, alcohol evaporating
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Chemical property(alters the composition of matter)
Alters the composition of the matter. Ex: New substance, rusting nails, burning magnesium, bubbles forming on metal when dropped in acid, when white phosporous is exposed to air it will burn spontaneously
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Energy
The capacity to do work(applying a force over a given difference)
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Kinetic energy
The motion of an object
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Potential energy
The position of an object, energy stored by an object
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Thermal\=kinetic
The temperature of an object
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Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Temp conversion
C\= (F-32)/1.8, K\=C + 273.15
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Sig figs rules
1\. Non-zero digits are always significant. 2. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. 3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant. 73.00( 4 sig figs, everything after a decimal with a digits in front are significant) 7300(2 sig figs), no decimal , so the trailing zeros don't count
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Sig Figs Rules for Multiplication and Division
Answer should have fewest sig figs: 2.389 x 2.5= 5.1

The 2.5 has 2 sig figs, so should the answer
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Sig Figs Rules for Addition and Subtraction
Round to the number with the least sig figs but round based on its last placement. 2.54, you would round the number to the hundrendth place. Ex: 2.456 x 2.54= 6.39(since 2.54 ends at a hundredth, so will the 6.39)
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Precision(refers to reproductivity of a laboratory measurment)
A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
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Accuracy
How close the measure is to the actual value

Ex: The bulls eyes on the practice test was neither accurate nor precise becasue the measurements were not close to each other and the points were not close to the bulls eye
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Wafting
smelling a chemical substance
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When a pure solid substance was heated, a student obtained another solid and a gas, each of which was a pure substance. From this information which of the following statements is ALWAYS a correct conclusion?
The orginal solid is not an element, otherwise only one physical change would have occured
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The prefix mili stands for(0.001)
10^-3
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Chromatography
Seperates the components in a mixture
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Percent Error Formula
Estimated number- Actual number/Actual number x 100
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Law of Conservation of mass
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
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Law of definite Proportions
All samples of a compound have the same proportions of the component elements
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Law of Multiple Proportions
When two elements form two different coumpounds, the ratio of their masses can be express as small whole numbers
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Dalton Atomic theory
**1.** Each element is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms.

  **2.** All atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements.

**3.** Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds.

**4.** Atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element. In a chemical reaction, atoms only change the way that they are bound together with other atoms.
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Structure of Atom
Protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus, electrons are outside the nucleus in electron clouds, relative mass of protons and neutrons is , relative mass of electron is 0
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Isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons 
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Natural Abundance
the relative amount of each isotope in a given sample of an element
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Average atomic mass
a weighted average of an elements mass based on the masses and abundance of each isotope
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Mass Spectroscopy
an analytical technique that measures the natural abundance of isotopes
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Cations and Anions
Cations lose electrons(positive charge), Anions gain electrons(negative charge)
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Which of the following is a metalloid( the stair case on the periodic table)
As, Si, B, Te, At
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Which of the following is a transition metal
Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Zr
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Which of the following is an alkali metal( the first column on the periodic table, except H)
K, Na, Li, Rb, Cs
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Which of the following is an lanthanide( the 6th row)
Eu, Au, Hg, Ta, La
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Ionic Bonds
Transfer metals
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Covalent Bonds
Share metals
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Diatomic Molecules(I Have No Bright Or Clever Friends)
\
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2.

BrINClHOF

HONClBrIF

I Have No Bright Or Clever Friends
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Ate vs Ite( ate is bigger, it is smaller)
If there are two ions in the series, 

the one with more oxygen atoms has the ending *-ate*, and

the one with fewer has the ending *-ite*.
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Oxyanions(per means more than, hypo means less than)
If there are more than two ions in the series then the prefixes *hypo-*, meaning *less than*, and *per-*, meaning *more than*, are used.
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Organic compounds
Contain, hydrogen, carbon and sometimes oxygen or nitrogen
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Burning organic compounds
For mass analysis, can be used to determine the original emperical formula
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Naming compounds
Ionic Compounds: just give the names of the two ions involved

* Transition Metals use Roman Numerals to show the charge
* -ide ending just means the element


* Molecular (Covalent):  use the number prefixes 
* Acids:  H and an anion
* Anion ending determines acid name
* Hydrates:  Ionic compound name followed by prefix showing how many water molecules
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Certain properties are characterstic of meals. Which property means that you can pound the substance into a foil
Malleability
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Which element has the highest melting point
W
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Cathode rays start at the
negative electrode
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cathonde rays are
positive ions
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Which wil be delfected the least in a mass spectrometer
\+1, 4 amu( large mass small charge)
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In milikian oil drop tpe experiment, the charge on four oil drops was found to be(divide by smallest factor)
1- 3.33 coulombs

2\.67- 8.88

2- 6.66

3\.33- 11.10
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What is the charge on the elctron according to this experiment
1\.11 coulomb

3\.33 divided by 3= 1.11
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What scattered particle the best evidence for nuclear attom(balance)
What scattered particle the best evidence for nuclear attom(balance)
a
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Which of the following is an isotope of the element with 20 protons and 22 neutrons-42
Calcium 40 because 42-20= 22, and 18 neutrons
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Match the answers to the key
Match the answers to the key
Gamma is a high energy form of light

Beta is a high speed electron, associated with neutron changing into proton

alpha used by ernest rutherford as “probe”

Gamma is the most penetratng of the “bequerel rays”
Gamma is a high energy form of light

Beta is a high speed electron, associated with neutron changing into proton

alpha used by ernest rutherford as “probe”

Gamma is the most penetratng of the “bequerel rays”
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Use the following key to math individuals
Use the following key to math individuals
John Dalton’s atom has been called “billiard ball” model

J.J Thomas has studied matter in cathode ray tubes, and has added to the atomic theory the idea that atomas had positive and negative parts

Democritus has a philosophical idea included the term “atomos”
John Dalton’s atom has been called “billiard ball” model

J.J Thomas has studied matter in cathode ray tubes, and has added to the atomic theory the idea that atomas had positive and negative parts

Democritus has a philosophical idea included the term “atomos”
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Which elements did mendeleev leave spaces for
Ga, Ge, Sc
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The imaginary elemnent X has the following natural abundances and isotopic masses. What is the atomic weight of X
The imaginary elemnent X has the following natural abundances and isotopic masses. What is the atomic weight of X
25\.3 amu
25\.3 amu
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Calculate the % abundances of two isotopes of cooper
Calculate the % abundances of two isotopes of cooper
62\.9298x + 64.9278(1-x)= 64.546amu

0\.3818 = 1.998x

19\.11% cu-63

80\.89% cu-65
62\.9298x + 64.9278(1-x)= 64.546amu

0\.3818 = 1.998x

19\.11% cu-63

80\.89% cu-65
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What is the formula of the ionic compound formed between Ca and P?
Ca3P2
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What is the name of the SO32– ion?
sulfite
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What is the correct formula and charge for the chromate ion?
CrO42
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The correct name for CCl4 is
carbon tetrachloride
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The correct formula for hydrogen telluride is
H2Te
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The correct name for S2Cl2 is
disulfur dichloride
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The correct name for NO2 is
nitrogen dioxide
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The molar mass of (NH4)2S is closest to
68 g/mol
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How many atoms are in 12 molecules of glucose, C6H12O6?
288
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Calculate the number of atoms in 4.0 x 10-5 g of aluminum.
8\.9 x 10^17
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What is the mass of **one molecule** of octane, C8H18?
1\.89 x 10-22 g
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A compound consists of the following elements by weight percent:

carbon - 40.0%

oxygen - 53.3%

hydrogen - 6.7%

The ratio of carbon : oxygen : hydrogen in the empirical formula is
1:1:2
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An organic compound which has the empirical formula CHO has a molar mass of 232.  Its molecular formula is:
C8H8O8
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Of the following, the only empirical formula is
HNF2
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When CaSO4·y H2O is heated, all of the water is driven off.  If 34.0 g of CaSO4 \[molar mass = 136\] is formed from 43.0 g of CaSO4·y H2O, what is the value of y?
2
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A metal sample weighing 30.9232 grams was added to a graduated cylinder containing 23.26mL of water. The volume of water plus the sample was 24.85mL. Which setup will result in the densit of this metal.
30\.9232/24.85-23.26
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Mercury has a density of 13.58g/mol. What is the volume of mercury when its poured out to obtain 0.5000 g of mercury
0\.03682
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Kelvin to celsius to fahrenheit
K= C +273.15

F= (c-32)/1.8
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Chromate
CrO4^2-
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Chromite
 FeCr2O4
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Sulfate
SO4^2-
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Sulfite
SO3^2-
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Nitrite
NO2⁻
96
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Nitrate
No3^-
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What is the atomic number of potassium
19
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how many electrongs are in the potasium nucleus
0
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Signs of Chemical Change

1. Permanent color change
2. Gas release(bubbles/odo)
3. Precipitate produced
4. Light given off
5. Heat absorbed or released
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Pb3N2
Lead(II) nitride