Chap 14 Physiology

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Flashcards covering key concepts related to cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure for exam preparation.

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17 Terms

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Cardiac Output

Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute.

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Stroke Volume (SV)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat, measured in ml/beat.

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End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

The volume of blood in the ventricle after it has completely filled; an increase in EDV increases SV.

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Venous Return

The flow of blood back to the heart, influencing End Diastolic Volume.

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Afterload

The resistance the ventricles must overcome to pump blood; increased afterload decreases stroke volume.

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Ejection Fraction

The fraction of blood pumped out with each heartbeat, calculated as SV/EDV X 100; normal is 50-65%.

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Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions; influences heart rate and contractility.

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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

The sum of all vascular resistance in systemic circulation, affecting blood pressure.

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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout the cardiac cycle, calculated as cardiac output X TPR.

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Hypertension

A condition characterized by blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg, often known as the 'silent killer' due to its lack of symptoms.

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Hypotension

A condition characterized by low blood pressure, below 100/60 mm Hg.

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Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

The principle stating that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (EDV).

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Aldosterone

A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption, thereby increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that increases water retention by the kidneys, helping to regulate blood volume.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure within a blood vessel that forces fluid out into the interstitial space.

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Starling Forces

Forces that dictate the movement of fluid across capillary membranes, consisting of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.

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Congestive Heart Failure

A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, often leading to fluid retention.