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Flashcards covering key concepts related to cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure for exam preparation.
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Cardiac Output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute.
Stroke Volume (SV)
The amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat, measured in ml/beat.
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
The volume of blood in the ventricle after it has completely filled; an increase in EDV increases SV.
Venous Return
The flow of blood back to the heart, influencing End Diastolic Volume.
Afterload
The resistance the ventricles must overcome to pump blood; increased afterload decreases stroke volume.
Ejection Fraction
The fraction of blood pumped out with each heartbeat, calculated as SV/EDV X 100; normal is 50-65%.
Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions; influences heart rate and contractility.
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
The sum of all vascular resistance in systemic circulation, affecting blood pressure.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout the cardiac cycle, calculated as cardiac output X TPR.
Hypertension
A condition characterized by blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg, often known as the 'silent killer' due to its lack of symptoms.
Hypotension
A condition characterized by low blood pressure, below 100/60 mm Hg.
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
The principle stating that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (EDV).
Aldosterone
A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases sodium reabsorption, thereby increasing blood volume and blood pressure.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone that increases water retention by the kidneys, helping to regulate blood volume.
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure within a blood vessel that forces fluid out into the interstitial space.
Starling Forces
Forces that dictate the movement of fluid across capillary membranes, consisting of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures.
Congestive Heart Failure
A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, often leading to fluid retention.