AQA GCSE Geography - Paper 2

Paper 2 of AQA Geog - resources, economic world, urban issues. (ADD FLASHCARDS FOR NIGERIA CASS STUDY - SECTION B)

What is a resource?

A stock or supply of something that has a value or purpose.

Define the term malnutrition

A state of poor nutrition due to lacking minerals & vitamins.

What are the three most important resources?

food, water, energy

What is water scarcity?

When a region lacks sufficient water resources to meet its demand

Describe the two main types of water scarcity

1. Physical water scarcity = Lack of water due to climate, landscape & environment

2. Economic water scarcity = When a region cannot afford to extract water (it may be deep underground or expensive)

What are food miles?

the distance food travels from where its produced to where its consumed

What is a carbon footprint?

Amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event.

List some positive & negative impacts of importing food in the UK

PROS:

• Wider selection of foods- don’t need to eat seasonally)

• Cheaper costs → lower labour & raw materials

• More land available → build housing & other facilities

  CONS:

• Increased carbon footprint (links to global warming)

• Uncertain food quality due to differing food safety regulations

• Local farmers may lose their jobs having to compete with an international market

List some positive & negative impacts of exporting food for LICs

PROS:

• Money generated goes to economic increasing development

• High demands keep people in employment

• Creates good political relations between countries

  CONS:

• Can lead to overcultivation of land, reducing the soil’s fertility

• Corrupt governments may misuse money made from exporting

• Increasing the country's carbon footprint

Describe & explain 3 ways the UK can reduce food imports

1. Agribusiness = Large scale, capital-intensive commercial farming. It reduces food miles & ensures fresher, higher quality food

2. Organic farming = Small scale, holistic farming. It reduces food waste & encourages people to source their food sustainably

3. Buying locally = food miles under 30 miles. It helps local business flourish, reduces carbon footprint & is more affordable

Why is demand for water increasing in the UK?

1. Population is increasing

2. More houses being built

3. An increase in the use of water-intensive domestic appliances

Define water surplus

When available water supply exceeds demand

Define water deficit

When water supply is not sufficient to meet its demand

Define energy mix

the composition of different energy sources used to supply demand

Why is energy an important resource?

Energy powers computers, transportation, communications, cutting edge medical equipment and much more

Why is the UK energy mix changing? (give at least 3 reasons)

• More renewables are being used to reduce CO2 emissions (linked to EU regulations)

• Decline in fossil fuel reserves

• Many coal mines have closed down

• Less fossil fuels are being used to stop being dependent on imported fossil fuels

How can the UK increase renewable energy?

• Increase prices of fossil fuels

• Impose legislation on companies to use more renewable energy

• Install more wind farms (the UK is a windy island)

• Reduce price of solar panels to encourage UK buyers

• Use excess food waste for biofuel

List some positive & negative impacts of using fossil fuels (give at least 2 of each)

PROS:

• Can generate a high amount of electricity in a single location

• Allows smaller mining towns to make money

• Powered the industrial revolution, pulling millions out of poverty

  CONS:

• Greenhouse gases emitted contribute to climate change (eg can cause acid rain)

• Expensive to mine since it's deep underground

• Risk of oil leaks & oil rig explosions

• Finite resource - meaning it will run out

List some positive & negative impacts of using renewable energy sources

PROS:

• Low carbon emissions

• Generates jobs in technology

• Low maintenance

  CONS:

• High set up costs

• Affects bird migration

• Noise / visual pollution

Define water quality

Refers to the suitability of water for drinking, recreational uses, and as habitat for aquatic life

Define food security and food insecurity.

Food security = reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

Food insecurity = Lack of reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

Define food surplus and food deficit

Food surplus = When supply of food exceeds its demand

Food deficit = When supply of food is insufficient to meet its demand

List some causes of food insecurity

• Rapidly growing population, narrowing the gap between available supply & demand

• Famine caused by climate (eg droughts or floods)

• Political unrest

• Lack of suitable land

List some causes of water scarcity

• Droughts & climate change

• Contaminated/polluted water supplies

• Lack of infrastructure to properly invest in their water resources

• War & conflict

Impacts of food insecurity

• Famine & malnutrition

• Conflict & political unrest (can lead to local & international dispute)

• Increase in food prices (example: poor harvest -> rise in food price -> famine)

• Over-cultivation of land leading to desertification (when land become desert & soil becomes infertile

What are the top (6) strategies to increase food supply?

• Irrigation = supplying extra water to farming areas when the water supply is unreliable / low. It can increase crop yields but can cause salininisation of soil

• Aeroponics = using air rather than soil to grow plants. Plants are easily maintained BUT specialist knowledge is necessary

• Hydroponics = growing plants directly in water rather than soil. Plants are easily maintained BUT specialist knowledge is necessary

• Green revolution = during the 1960s, when scientists developed new strains of seeds which produced higher yields of crop.

• Biotechnology = when plants, animals and fish are genetically modified. Makes plants resistant to pests, diseases or herbicides BUT has unclear impacts on health & environment

• Appropriate technology = small-scale, low tech projects made to suit needs of local people.

Define sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Give an example of a case study that demonstrates large scale food production (what they do + impacts)

𝐀𝐥𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚 - 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡-𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐧

• Built industrial-sized greenhouses using hydroponics for plants + sourced the water using irrigation

• PRO = Less resources needed to produce crops on a larger scale

• CON = Inhumane work conditions

Give an example of a case study that demonstrates the increase of sustainable food supply (what they do + positive impacts)

𝐌𝐚𝐤𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐢 - 𝐢𝐧 𝐊𝐞𝐧𝐲𝐚

• Improving access to food & clean water supply by building sand dams to provide a reliable water supply to villages & running a training programme for farmers

• PROS: Crop yields increased, labour times decreased, spread of water-borne diseases decreased

What are some examples of the regional and global significance of Nigeria?

Regional:

• Economic powerhouse (Giant of Africa - oil, agriculture)

• Cultural influence (afrobeats, nollywood)

Global:

• Top oil producers in the world

• Very large diaspora (impacts labor markets across world)

What is the informal agreement for alternating political leaders in Nigeria?

• Aka. Zoning principle: alternates between leaders from north & south every 2 years

• Promotes ethnic representation + political stability (everyone feels included by leadership roles)

What is development?

= Improvement in living standards through better access & use of resources (economic, social, environmental)

What are some economic indicators of development?

• GDP per capita

• GNI per capita

• Employment type (proportion of people in each industry sector)

What is GDP per capita?

= Total of goods/services in country per person per year

(Gross Domestic Product)

What is GNI

= Sum of money earned by people/businesses in a country

(Gross National Income)

What are some social indicators of development?

• Infant mortality (kids who die before 1 - per 1000 babies born)

• Literacy Rate (% of people over 15 who can read & write)

• Life Expectancy (average lifespan of person in country)

What is the HDI?

= A mixed indicator of development (from 0 to 1) that composes of:

• life expectancy

• Education level

• Income per capita

Why is HDI a more reliable of development?

It takes both economic & social factors into account

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

= shows population change over time, studying birth & death rate in 5 stages

Describe the 5 stages of the Demographic Transition Model (+ give examples of countries in each) :

• 1 → High BR & DR, balanced population - eg. Amazonian tribes

• 2 → High BR, rapidly declining DR, very high PG (children = economic assets, medicine improvement) - eg. Kenya

• 3 → Rapidly declining BR, slowly declining DR, high PG (family planning, equality bringing more women to work) - eg. India

• 4 - Low BR + DR, high & balanced population (contraception, desire for smaller families) - eg. UK

• 5 - Low BR, higher DR, population decline (ageing population no longer replacing itself) - eg. Japan

BR = birth rate, DR = death rate, PG = population growth

What are some physical factors affecting uneven development? (+ how?)

1. Access to natural resources - water, oil, timber etc

2. Natural hazards - frequent hazards limits development

3. Climate - limits industry, attracts tourists, rainfall helps farmers

4. Location - landlocked affects trade, scenery attracts tourists

What are some human factors affecting uneven development? (+ how?)

1. Aid - projects to improve infrastructure/services, corrupt governments misuse it

2. Education - highly skilled workers makes more money for country & pay more tax

3. Politics - corruption & instability affects trade and investments into country

4. History - colonialism stunts development greatly

What is the development gap?

= difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries

What are some consequences of uneven development?

1. Wealth - developed countries = richer, less developed = poorer

2. Health - developed countries = better healthcare & longer lifespan, less developed = opposite

3. Migration - Skilled workers move to more developed countries for better standard of living → “brain drain”

Explain some ways to reduce the Global Development Gap? (+ name 3 with pros & cons)

1. ✧Aid - can be invested well into services & infrastructure, corrupt governments misuse it

2. ✧Debt Relief - (debt is forgiven/interest reduced) - more money spent on development, local might not get say

3. Foreign Direct Investment (a country buying property/infrastructure in another) - better access to finance/technology, country may need to comply to conditions set by investing country

4. Fair Trade - (farmers get fair price for goods produced) - better pay improves development of economy, barely any money reaches farmers

5. ✧Microfinance Loans (small loans to people in LICs) - people can make startups, no proof that it reduces poverty on large scale

How has tourism helped reduce development gap? (The Gambia)

• Multiplier effect - tourism jobs →investment in recreational services → money made to country’s infrastructure → industry improves

• Poverty rates 📉 - 58% (2003) to 48.4% (2010)

• Investment into healthcare - 📉 maternal mortality & AIDS

What attracts tourists to The Gambia?

• Located in West Africa → variety of coastal/marine habitats + hot climate + close to Europe

• Kunta Kinteh Island - a UNESCO heritage site

What are some potential setbacks of tourism in The Gambia?

• Risky to be reliant on tourism:

  • Ebola crisis repelled tourists → 60% drop in tourism ( Ebola didn’t actually reach Gambia!)

  • Tourism = generally seasonal → many people jobless in monsoon season

• Tourism companies (eg Thomas Cook + TUI) keep large profits from locals → economic “leakage”

What is urbanisation & where is it occuring?

= increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas (towns & cities)

Rapidly in LICs/NEEs

What is causing urbanisation? (3 causes)

Natural increase, rural-to-urban migration, advancements in technology, healthcare, education etc

What is a megacity & where are they growing?

= cities with population > 10 mil

Slowly in HICs, rapidly in LICs/NEEs -> due to urbanisation

Give 3 reasons why Rio is an important city

Christ the Redeemer statue, 2016 Olympics, Rio carnivals

Why has Rio’s population grown? (3 reasons)

migration, pull factors [education, job opportunities, industry] and natural increase

What are some social and economic opportunities created by urban growth in Rio?

Social: healthcare for citizens, education (rio = 97% literacy vs 80% rural literacy)

Economic: growth of tertiary sector, investment from manufacturing companies

What are some challenges created by urban growth in Rio’s favelas?

1. Spread of disease due to densely populated (infant 💀 = 50 per 1000 kids)

2. High crime rates - drugs & gangs (PPU set up in 2008 to combat this)

3. Poor infrastructure (risk of landslides)

Name an example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor:

CASE STUDY: The Favela Bairro Project in Rio

What was the Favela Bairro Project?

= project to develop existing favelas to improve quality of life for the urban poor.

How did the Favela Bairro Project help to improve life for the urban poor in Rio? (3 ways)

1. Provided essential services (electricity, water, sanitation),

2. relocated people on steep hills to brick houses,

3. street lighting for safety

Was the Favela Bairro Project successful?

Partially successful but unsustainable:

• ❌ Expensive to develop all growing favelas + residents didn’t have skills to maintain infrastructure

Why is London an important city?

capital city, GDP of £526 billion, one of largest financial markets in world

Why has London grown?

1. Industrial revolution attracted migrants from other parts of the UK (economic migrants),

2. Young students from abroad to attend prestige unis

What opportunities have been created by urban change in London? (refer to relevant case studies)

SHOREDITCH:

• Social: Ethnic diversity, vibrant arts scene (eg jazz events)

• Economic: Pop-up mall, Silicon Roundabout brings TNC investment

TFL:

• Social: integrated travel -> convenient to travel all over London for cheaper

• Economic: Crossrail tube line -> increases property value in surrounding areas + shortens commute times

What challenges have been created by urban change in London?

Social: Inequality -> eg. Kensington & Chelsea: Notting Hill vs Elgin Crescent (place of Grenfell) 

Economic: Gentrification -> eg. Shoreditch: original citizens can’t afford housing

Name a way London is being made a more sustainable urban area (+ definition):

Urban Greening =increasing proportion of green spaces in city - eg. rooftop gardens

• Social: Encourages outdoor physical activity

• Environmental: Purifies air -> reduces effect of CO2 emissions

Define what ‘greenfield’ and ‘brownfield’ sites are:

Greenfield site = area of land that has not been developed previously

Brownfield site = an old industrial site that has been previously developed on

Name an example of urban regeneration project in London:

CASE STUDY: Lower Lea Valley in Stratford

Why did the Lower Lea Valley need regeneration?

Held one of biggest ports in world → closed down → people unemployed & became deprived area → left a lot of brownfield sites

What are some of the main features of the regeneration project?

• Turned brownfield site → Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park for 2012 Olympic games

• Atheltes’ Village (formely for olympic athletes) → East Village (residentil housing)