Animal Diseases and Control Final Quiz

What is zoonosis?

a disease of animals that may be transmitted to humans under certain able conditions

What are the root causes of disease?

infectious, neoplastic, metabolic, degenerative, toxic, inflammatory, developmental, congenital, nutritional

What classifies as infectious?

the invasion and multiplication of microbes as bacteria or virus

What classifies as neoplastic?

cancer characterized by abnormal uncontrolled growth of tissues

What classifies as metabolic?

physical/chemical processes which the body cells are maintained and energy made available

What classifies as degenerative?

change from a increase to decrease form, degeneration of normal body structure

What classifies as toxic?

substance taken in or produced inside the body that attack a very specific organ

What classifies as inflammatory?

body immune system turning on itself

What classifies as developmental?

normal development is arrested, sped up or altered

What classifies as congenital?

abnormal fetal development resulting in animals born with congenital defects

What classifies as nutritional?

production disease, metabolic and other problems that can happen in animals as a function of how we push them to produce

What is the iceberg concept?

clinical disease will be evident is some but not all animals (sub clinically infected ones)

What is the difference between clinical sign and symptom?

clinical sign: observed

symptom, experienced by patient

How do you calculate the prevalence?

proportion of animals that are affected by a given condition

#existing cases/ #animals at risk

How do you calculate incidence rate?

the proportion of animals that develop a case of disease over a specific time frame

#of new cases over time/ #animals at risk

What increases or decreases prevalence rate?

increase duration= increase prevalence, decrease duration = decrease prevalence

What changes incidence rate?

slowing down developmental of new cases and vice versa

What makes up the epidemiologic triad?

agent, host or the environment

What is the intrinsic host factors?

attributes we cannot change (age, gender, species, genetic makeup, innate immune system)

What are extrinsic host factors?

attributes that can be influenced by us or the animal itself (repro/ vaccination status, previous exposure, behavior, production, environmental)

What are some example of environmental extrinsic factors?

stocking density, movement between groups, housing factors, weather conditions, nutrition

What is necessary cause?

the presence of an agent, you cannot have a disease without the agent itself

When is an animal considered infected?

When the agent enters the host

What are the six different drug classes?

cillin, mycin (macrolides, aminoglycosides), Cephalosporin, Fluroquinolone, Sulfa, cycline

What drugs are in the cillin class?

penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin

What drugs are in the cephalosporin class?

ceftiofur, cepharirin, cephalexin

What drugs are in the fluoroquinolone class?

enrofloxacin, danofloxacin

What drugs are in the cycline class?

oxytetracycline, chlortetacycline

What drugs classify as macrolides (mycin) class?

tylosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, gamithromysin, tildipirosin

What drugs classify as aminoglycosides (mycin) class?

gentamicin, amikan (not used in food animals)

What modes of actions are bactericidal (kill)?

Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleic acid synthesis

What modes of action are bacteriostatic (inhibit)?

Protein synthesis, enzyme and metabolic pathways

What are the practical consideration for antibiotic use on operations?

therapeutic treatment, control, prevention

What is metaphylaxis?

mass medication of a group of incoming animals in order to treat clinically ill animals and control and prevent subclinical (costly)

What are ionophores?

antibiotics because they influence the growth of bacteria in the rumen (favors gram + )

What is intramuscular injections?

enters the bloodstream quickly

What is subcutaneous injection?

slow release from depot of injection site to the blood stream

What are intravenous injection?

fastest way into the animals bloodstream but hard to administer

How are antibiotics in milk monitored?

all milk shipments are tested for at least on type of antibiotic upon their delivery to milk processors

How are antibiotics in meat monitored?

not every animal is tested

criteria: random sampling, targeted, importation of meats

What is VFD?

Veterinary feed directive, feed grade medications that needs vet approval before it can be purchased and used in animal feed

What is VCPR?

Veterinary client patient relationship

What are the elements of VCPR?

vet

• assumes responsibility for medical judgements about animals & client agreed

• Knows the animals to make a preliminary diagnosis (examined/ recently saw animals, personal knowledge, timely visits, available for follow- up questions)

What is one downfall of the VCPR elements?

there is no definitive time frame the vet has to visit the operation

What are the requirements to have a VCPR?

when prescription drugs, otc & precription used in extra labeled manner or VFD drugs used in animal feed

What is considered as extra labeled drug use?

any situation where the actual use of the drug differs in a way from the direction of the product label

What program of antibiotic free is stricter to follow?

organic program

What is the details of the Never-ever beef programs?

don’t use of antibiotics, extraneous hormones, coccidiostats or ionophores

What are the main points for antibiotic resistance?

anytime antibiotics are used resistant bacteria can appear, some bacteria are naturally resistant to some bacteria, resistance does not equal virulence, both humans and livestock producers are irresponsible, possible some cells to merge with others and pass on their resistance

What is signalment?

listing animals characteristics specifically the age, sex, species and breed

What are the four characteristics of a clinical diagnosis?

signalment, history, physical diagnosis, lab results

What’s are included in the respiratory tract for diagnostic testing?

A: nasal, pharyngeal, transtracheal, bronchoalveolar, oral fluids

P: lung tissue, respiratory lymph nodes

What’s included in the digestive tract for diagnostic test?

A: feces, oral fluid

P: stomach contents, digestive organs, mesenteric lymph nodes

What’s included in the reproductive tract for diagnostic test?

A: sheath scraping, vaginal washes, biopsies

P: Repro organs, fetuses

What’s included in the nervous system for diagnostic testing?

A: cerebrospinal fluid

P: brain and spinal cord

What’s included in the systemic disease for diagnostic testing?

A: everything plus blood and serum

P: complete set of internal organs

What is the polymerase chain reaction?

most frequently used, amplifies short portion of a strand of DNA/RNA, specific and sensitive (detect low number of agents)

What are the disadvantages of PCR testing?

expensive, do not uncover unknown or unexpected agents, no differentiation of live or dead organisms

How do you read PCR tests?

the lower the cycle count= higher level of nucleic acid and vice versa

What are 5 different transmission routes?

aerosol, oral, direct contact, fomite (inanimate) transmission, vector transmission (biological (multiples) or mechanical (does not multiply)

What is horizontal transmission?

spread of disease from animal to animal

What is vertical transmission?

spread of disease through intercourse or through the placenta to the fetus

What are the three effective contacts that can prevent transmission?

physical separation, minimize contact time, minimize dose load

What is the order that farmers should take care of their animals?

youngest → older → sick

What are some strategies of biocontainment?

all in all out (no introduction of new animals), early removal, sandhills calving system (purposefully moving animals to new pasture to calve), herd closure, depopulation/repopulation, partial depopulation, isolation

What is the process of cleaning?

remove OM, wash, disinfectant, drying time

What are some beneficial characteristics to properly disinfect animal facility?

adding antifreeze during cold temps, allow surfaces to dry completely, extend period of time on surfaces

What is biosecurity?

interventions that prevent the introduction of infectious disease agents to specified population

What are the types of introduction of infectious diseases?

entry of new animals, animal of neighboring herds, people, outside vehicle traffic, feedstuff & H2O supply

What entry of animals are at the risk?

replacements, lactating animals through farms, fosters, semen/embryos, returning from shows

What are the sufficient isolation period for new animals entering?

30-60 days

What is downtime?

time elapsed since the workers has had contact with animals

What are personal entry biosecurity?

shower in- shower out, Danish entry (bench barrier), changing area/boot bath

What is the downside of booth baths?

unless if all organic matter is removed before using it will be ineffective

What is a perimeter buffer area?

represents area of the farm where worker and animal movement takes place

What is immunity?

resistance to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effects of antigenic substances

What is innate immunity?

non-specific to the kind of germ regardless of cause/ source of injury

What are physical/ chemical barriers of innate immunity?

skin mucous membranes, respiratory tract, immune chemicals (cytokines, prostaglandins), neutrophils & macrophages, fever, inflammation

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolar), loss of function

What may disrupt mucous membrane?

dehydration, killing of normal flora, gutstatis

What may disrupt the respiratory tract?

dehydration, dust (decrease effectiveness of cilia), acidosis, stress

What may disrupt the skin?

wounds, persistent moisture

What hormone is suppressed during chronic inflammation?

cortisol

What is active immunity?

activated in response to a specific antigen

What are the types of active immunity?

Humoral: active in body humors (blood and lymph) with antibodies

Cell- Mediated: identify and destroy cells abnormal or infected body cells

What is colostrum?

the first secretion released from the udder after birth and continues for 2-3 days

When does colostrum start being made from the mother?

5 weeks before

When should colostrum be fed to the calf?

no later than 24 hours otherwise it will not be able to absorb the immunoglobins

Who will have a higher level of colostrum in the bloodstream?

higher in cow’s vs new heifers

What should be the amount of immunoglobins received from colostrum?

50 g/L per feeding (100 total)

What are serology test?

the study of antigen - antibody reaction in virtro

What are the three most popular type of serology tests?

AGID, Serum neutralization, ELIZA

How do you interpret the serum neutralization test?

The more tests= higher level of antibodies and vice versa

Why could animals have antibodies in bloodstream?

they have been vaccinated or they are had an immune response to an infection

What are alkylating agents used for?

used in killed and ML to cross link nucleic acid proteins

What is formaldehyde used for?

to fix body tissue and other samples in vaccines

What is an adjuvants in vaccines?

chemical compounds mixed in with the antigens in a vaccine, non-specifically enhances modify the body response to the vaccine antigens in mostly killed

What is a bacterin?

vaccine made out of bacteria

What is toxoid?

vaccine made out of an endotoxin

What is an autogenous?

vaccine made from the agents actually found on the farm (farm specific)