Lecture Notes on Nutrition

Flashcards on Nutrition and Metabolism

Leptin

A hormone secreted by adipose tissue that signals the brain about hunger and satiety.

Ghrelin

Parietal cells secrete this hormone, which tells us we're not hungry anymore.

Peptide

A hormone released in the ileum that signals the body that we've had enough to eat.

Cholecystokinins (CCK)

Hormones that release enzymes to break up foods into nutrients.

Metabolism

The rate at which the body utilizes calories.

Starvation Mode

Condition where the body doesn't burn anything and puts everything into storage due to insufficient calorie intake.

Macronutrients

Nutrients taken in large amounts, including carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, fats, lipids, and water.

Micronutrients

Nutrients needed in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals.

Essential Nutrients

Nutrients that must be obtained through diet because the body cannot produce them.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, including glucose, fructose, and galactose, found in fruits, veggies, and milk.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates; starches found in leafy green vegetables, grains, potatoes, rice, and legumes.

Insoluble Fibers

Fibers that clean out the GI system without breaking down or adding calories.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats from plant sources, such as nuts and olive oil.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that require fat to be absorbed (A, D, E, K).

Complete Proteins

Proteins that provide all essential amino acids, primarily from animal sources.

Phytoestrogen

Estrogen from plants.

Cations

Positive ions that end in -ium.

Catabolism

Breaks down carbohydrates and lipids for energy.

Anabolism

Needs energy to break down substances to build new cells and tissues.

Aerobic

With oxygen.

Anaerobic

Without oxygen; leads to lactic acid buildup.

Glycogenesis

Process where the liver converts glucose into glycogen for storage.

Glycogenolysis

Process where stored glycogen is converted back into glucose and released into the bloodstream.

Glyconeogenesis

Process where non-carbohydrates (fats and amino acids) are converted into glucose.

Ketosis

Condition where the body breaks down fatty acids for energy.