Studied by 15 people
What are the basic levels of Organization of Matter?
Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules
Atoms
smallest unit; comprised of nucleus (protons and neutrons in nucleus) and electrons.
Molecule
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Macromolecules
Large molecules; comprised of smaller units called monomers
Population
All individuals of a species living within a specific area
Community
Sum of populations inhabiting a particular site
Ecosystem
Consists of all living things (biotic) AND nonliving things (abiotic)
Prokaryotic
Unicellular (single celled) organisms
Characteristics of prokaryotes
-No nucleus; contains nucleoid
-Cell wall (made of peptidoglycan)
-contains flagellum or pili
-No membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
multicellular organisms
Characteristics of Eukaryotes
-True nucleus, membrane surrounds DNA
-Membrane bound organelles
-Cell membrane
Phylogeny
reflects evolutionary relationships among organisms
A phylogenetic (or evolutionary) tree shows the relationship between what?
Shows the relationship of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota.
What does a phylogenetic rooted tree show?
Shows various species diverged from a common ancestor (shown on example A)
What does a phylogenetic unrooted tree show?
shows the relationship amongst species but does NOT share a common ancestor (shown on example B)
What is Taxonomy?
The science of classifying organisms.
Taxonomy scientists only refer to an organism only by its what? What is this called?
Genus and species, Binomial nomenclature.
Inductive Reasoning
Analyzes trends or relationships in data to arrive at a general conclusion. These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative.
Deductive Reasoning
Begins from a general principle or law and applies it to a typical circumstance to predict specific results.
Step 1 of Scientific Inquiry
Observation: aspect that is seen
Step 2 of Scientific Inquiry
Form a hypothesis: statement based on knowledge or experience from observation.
What MUST a hypothesis be for it to by a hypothesis?
TESTABLE AND FALSIFIABLE
Step 3 of Scientific Inquiry
Experimental design : situation to test hypothesis by collection of data
What do controls do in an experiment?
Controls provide a basis of comparison
Experimental variables
Factors that are altered in an experiment
What are the two types of experimental variables?
Independent variable and dependent variable.
Independent variable
cause or reason for an outcome; the variable that is changed by the researcher
Dependent Variable
what’s being measured in an experiment. It changes based on the Independent Variable.
Step 4 of Scientific Inquiry
Gathering data
Step 5 of Scientific Inquiry
Interpreting results: Assess whether the results are statistically significant
Step 6 of Scientific Inquiry
Draw conclusion: this is a THEORY, NOT PROOF. Many tests must be done to gather enough evidence to determine whether this data proves our hypothesis is true.
What is living matter composed primary of?
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
What are the three subatomic particles an atom is made of?
Protons (positively charged), Neutrons (neutral, uncharged), and electrons
The number of protons determines the ____________ and ________________
Atomic number, distinguishes an element from another
Electrons
negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively charged nucleus of an atom.
Where do electrons reside in an atom?
Shells; associated with the energy levels and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Ionic bond
The movement of electrons from one element to another; also referred to as electron transfer.
Cations
POSITIVE ions, LOSES ELECTRONS
Anions
NEGATIVE ions, GAIN electrons
Covalent bond
Electrons that are shared
Polar covalent bonds
Electrons that are unequally shared
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Electrons that are shared equally
Hydrogen Bonds
weaker bonds
van der Waals Interaction
weak attractions (also called intermolecular forces), arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges.
What makes carbon a flexible component of biological molecules?
Carbon is tetravalent (has four electrons)
What are functional groups?
atoms that confer specific properties to hydrocarbon chains or rings that define their overall chemical characteristics and function.
What is the structure, properties, and features of hydroxyl?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Polar (hydrophilic)
Features: presence of H and O
What is the structure, properties, and features of sulfhydryl?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Polar (hydrophilic)
Features: presence of S
What is the structure, properties, and features of methyl?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
Features: presence of H and C
What is the structure, properties, and features of carbonyl?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Polar (hydrophilic)
Features: Central C and O
What is the structure, properties, and features of carboxyl?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Charged (acidic)
Features: Central C bond to O and OH
What is the structure, properties, and features of an amino?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Charged (basic)
Features: pressence of N
What is the structure, properties, and features of a phosphate?
Structure: (shown in picture)
Properties: Charged (acidic)
Features: presence of P
Enzymes
protiens that speed up reactions by reducing the activation energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy cana be coverted between forms; total energy is constant and transformed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
coversion of energy from one to another leads to loss of energy as heat; every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe
Entropy
measure of randomness or disorder in a system
Organic molecule
any molecule containing (excludes CO2)
What are protiens composed of?
Amino acids
What are the key elements of an amino acid?
A central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group
What type of bond links amino acids of the protien’s primary structure?
A peptide bond; covalent bond
What kind of folds occur in the protien secondary structure?
Pleated sheet or alpha helix
What type of bonds maintain the protien teritary structure?
hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide linkages
What are the three factors that can cause denaturation of a protien?
Temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals
What are the different types of lipids?
Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterioids.
What are fats composed of?
fatty acids and glycerol
What are triglycerides consisting of?
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
How can we differentiate saturated, unsaturated cis, and trans fats?
Saturated - single bonds (-)
Unsaturated cis - double bond (=) cis is where H atoms adjacent to C=C
Trans fat - double bond, buy hydrogen is on two different planes
What part of the phospholipid is polar? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
The head (phosphate and glycerol is located) is polar, its hydrophilic
What part of the phospholipid is nonpolar? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
The tail (saturated and unsaturated fatty acid) is nopolar, its hydrophobic
What is the functions of waxes?
Waxes prevents water from sticking on the surface (fatty acid and alcohol chained together)
What is the defining feature of carbohydrates?
They’re always made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are two examples of monosaccharides with five carbons?
pentose = 5 carbons; such as deoxyribose and ribose
What are three examples of monosaccharides with six carbons?
hexoses = 6 carbons, such as glucose and fructose
What are disaccharides? Provide three examples.
Two monomers that are connected; monosaccharides. Examples include sucrose
What form do animals store more energy in?
glycogen stores energy in animals; cellulose
What form do animals store energy in?
starch stores energy in plants; amylopectin
What type of bond links monosaccharides together?
A glycosidic bond
What type of sugar does DNA have?
Deoxyribose
Which type of sugar does RNA have?
Ribose
Which component is the same in all nucleic acids?
All have a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Which nitrogen bases can have DNA?
C, T, A, and G
Which nitrogen bases can have RNA?
C, U, A, and G
Which type of reaction allows the formation of a new bond between and synthesis of macromolecules?
Dehydration synthesis; a condensation reaction
What type of reaction broke down a macromolecule into the monomers?
Hydrolysis
Note 
Flashcard (78)