UNIT 1 BIO 111 STUDY GUIDE (WIP)

Study guide to help with bio (first unit)

What are the **basic levels** of **Organization of Matter?**

Atoms, molecules, and macromolecules

Atoms

**smallest unit**; comprised of __nucleus__ (protons and neutrons in nucleus) and __electrons.__

Molecule

**Two or more atoms held together** by chemical bonds

Macromolecules

**Large molecules**; comprised of smaller units called **monomers**

Population

**All individuals** of a **species** living within a specific area

Community

**Sum of populations** inhabiting a particular site

Ecosystem

Consists of all **living** things (**biotic**) AND **nonliving** things (**abiotic**)

Prokaryotic

Unicellular (**single celled**) organisms

Characteristics of prokaryotes

\-No nucleus; **contains nucleoid**

\-**Cell wall** (made of peptidoglycan)

\-contains flagellum or pili

\-**No membrane-bound organelles**

Eukaryotes

**multicellular** organisms

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

\-**True nucleus**, membrane surrounds DNA

**-Membrane bound organelles**

\-Cell membrane

Phylogeny

reflects **evolutionary relationships** among organisms

A phylogenetic (or evolutionary) tree shows the relationship between what?

Shows the relationship of **bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota.**

What does a phylogenetic **rooted** tree show?

Shows various species diverged from a **common ancestor** (shown on example A)

What does a phylogenetic **unrooted** tree show?

shows the **relationship amongst species** but does **NOT** share a common ancestor (shown on example B)

What is Taxonomy?

The science of classifying organisms.

Taxonomy scientists only refer to an organism only by its what? What is this called?

Genus and species, Binomial nomenclature.

Inductive Reasoning

**Analyzes trends or relationships in data** to arrive at a general conclusion. These data can be **qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative**.

Deductive Reasoning

**Begins from a general principle** or law and **applies it to a typical circumstance** to **predict** specific results.

Step 1 of Scientific Inquiry

**Observation**: aspect that is seen

Step 2 of Scientific Inquiry

Form a **hypothesis**: statement based on knowledge or experience from observation.

What MUST a hypothesis be for it to by a hypothesis?

**TESTABLE AND FALSIFIABLE**

Step 3 of Scientific Inquiry

**Experimental design** : situation to test hypothesis by collection of data

What do controls do in an experiment?

Controls provide a **basis of comparison**

Experimental variables

Factors that are altered in an experiment

What are the two types of experimental variables?

Independent variable and dependent variable.

Independent variable

**cause or reason** for an outcome; the variable that is **changed by the researcher**

Dependent Variable

what’s being measured in an experiment. It **changes based on the Independent Variable.**

Step 4 of Scientific Inquiry

Gathering data

Step 5 of Scientific Inquiry

**Interpreting results:** Assess whether the results are statistically significant

Step 6 of Scientific Inquiry

**Draw conclusion:** this is a THEORY, NOT PROOF. Many tests must be done to gather enough evidence to determine whether this data proves our hypothesis is true.

What is living matter composed primary of?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

What are the three subatomic particles an atom is made of?

Protons (positively charged), Neutrons (neutral, uncharged), and electrons

The number of protons determines the ____________ and ________________

Atomic number, distinguishes an element from another

Electrons

**negatively charged** subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively charged nucleus of an atom.

Where do electrons reside in an atom?

Shells; associated with the energy levels and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but **different numbers of neutrons**

Ionic bond

The movement of electrons from one element to another; also referred to as electron transfer.

Cations

**POSITIVE** ions, LOSES ELECTRONS

Anions

NEGATIVE ions, GAIN electrons

Covalent bond

Electrons that are **shared**

Polar covalent bonds

Electrons that are **unequally** shared

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Electrons that are shared **equally**

Hydrogen Bonds

weaker bonds

van der Waals Interaction

weak attractions (also called intermolecular forces), arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges.

What makes carbon a flexible component of biological molecules?

Carbon is **tetravalent** (has four electrons)

What are functional groups?

atoms that confer specific properties to hydrocarbon chains or rings that define their overall chemical characteristics and function.

What is the structure, properties, and features of **hydroxyl**?

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Polar (hydrophilic)

Features: presence of H and O

What is the structure, properties, and features of **sulfhydryl**?

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Polar (hydrophilic)

Features: presence of S

What is the structure, properties, and features of **methyl?**

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Nonpolar (hydrophobic)

Features: presence of H and C

What is the structure, properties, and features of **carbonyl**?

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Polar (hydrophilic)

Features: Central C and O

What is the structure, properties, and features of **carboxyl?**

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Charged (acidic)

Features: Central C bond to O and OH

What is the structure, properties, and features of an **amino**?

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Charged (basic)

Features: pressence of N

What is the structure, properties, and features of a **phosphate?**

Structure: (shown in picture)

Properties: Charged (acidic)

Features: presence of P

Enzymes

protiens that speed up reactions by reducing the activation energy

First Law of Thermodynamics

energy cana be coverted between forms; total energy is constant and transformed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

coversion of energy from one to another leads to loss of energy as heat; every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

Entropy

measure of randomness or disorder in a system

Organic molecule

any molecule containing (excludes CO2)

What are protiens composed of?

Amino acids

What are the key elements of an amino acid?

A central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group

What type of bond links amino acids of the protien’s primary structure?

A peptide bond; covalent bond

What kind of folds occur in the protien secondary structure?

Pleated sheet or alpha helix

What type of bonds maintain the protien teritary structure?

hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide linkages

What are the three factors that can cause denaturation of a protien?

Temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals

What are the different types of lipids?

Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterioids.

What are fats composed of?

fatty acids and glycerol

What are triglycerides consisting of?

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How can we differentiate saturated, unsaturated cis, and trans fats?

Saturated - single bonds (-)

Unsaturated cis - double bond (=) cis is where H atoms adjacent to C=C

Trans fat - double bond, buy hydrogen is on two different planes

What part of the phospholipid is polar? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

The **head** (__phosphate and glycerol is located__) is polar, its **hydrophilic**

What part of the phospholipid is nonpolar? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

The **tail** (__saturated and unsaturated fatty acid__) is nopolar, its **hydrophobic**

What is the functions of waxes?

Waxes prevents water from sticking on the surface (fatty acid and alcohol chained together)

What is the defining feature of carbohydrates?

They’re always made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What are two examples of monosaccharides with five carbons?

pentose = 5 carbons; such as **deoxyribose and ribose**

What are three examples of monosaccharides with six carbons?

hexoses = 6 carbons, such as **glucose and fructose**

What are disaccharides? Provide three examples.

Two monomers that are connected; monosaccharides. Examples include **sucrose**

What form do animals store more energy in?

glycogen stores energy in animals; cellulose

What form do animals store energy in?

starch stores energy in plants; amylopectin

What type of bond links monosaccharides together?

A glycosidic bond

What type of sugar does DNA have?

Deoxyribose

Which type of sugar does RNA have?

Ribose

Which component is the same in all nucleic acids?

All have a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Which nitrogen bases can have DNA?

C, T, A, and G

Which nitrogen bases can have RNA?

C, U, A, and G

Which type of reaction allows the formation of a new bond between and synthesis of macromolecules?

Dehydration synthesis; a condensation reaction

What type of reaction broke down a macromolecule into the monomers?

Hydrolysis