AP HuG Unit 2a Vocab

Aging society/population

Societies that have experienced longer average life expectancy and persistently low birth rates that result in an increased average age of its citizens.

Agricultural density

Population density as measured by the number of farmers per unit area of arable land

Anti natalist/restrictive policies

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

Arable

land that can be used for agriculture

Arithmetic density

the number of people per unit area of land

Baby boomers

individuals born post WWII during a period in which the global RNI was relatively high and mortality decreased (1946-1964)

Baby bust

A period from the 1960s and 1970s in which a drop in fertility followed the baby boom. The drop in fertility is seen as a result of women seeking education and jobs outside of the home; a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate

Boserup theory

Her theory of agricultural intensification posits that population change drives the intensity of agricultural production. Meaning, humans will adapt & innovate agricultural practices that sustain their population. Her position countered the Malthusian theory that agricultural methods determine population via limits on food supply.

Carry capacity

the number of people that can be supported by the amount of food, water and other resources in the area

Child mortality rate

A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

Climate

the average course or condition of the weather at a place usually over a long period of years as exhibited by temperature, wind velocity, and precipitation

Contraception

deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation. Methods designed to prevent pregnancy include condoms, birth control pills, IUD's, family planning and sterilization.

Crude birth rate

the amount of births per year per 1000 people in population

Crude death rate

the amount of deaths per year per 1000 people in population

Demography

from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dēmos) meaning "the people", and -γράφω (graphō) meaning "writing", it is the statistical study of human populations. [Term] encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death.

Demographic momentum

Tendency for a population to continue to grow despite restrictive or anti-natalist policies or societal fertility decline because of the large number of individuals in their childbearing years replacing a less numerous number of individuals in their adult years.

Demographic transition model

a model that describes a country's demographic change over time as it develops into an industrialized economic system. Often infers development and societal change.

Dependency ratio

the percent of people in non working ages (under 15 or over 65) divided by the number of working age people (15-65). Ratios can imply a degree of social or governmental stress to provide for the needs of either the old or the young. How societies choose to provide and care for large numbers of old or young can be a complex challenge.

Doubling time

The time required for a population to double in size. We can find exponential growth by using the "Rule of 70" or dividing 70 by the growth rate (r). For example, 70 / and RNI of 2.14 = just over 32 years.

Development

refers to the standard of living and the quality of life of a society's human inhabitants. [Term] can be inferred from the economic, social technological conditions of a country.

Epidemiological transition model

a model that demonstrates how less developed countries tend to be more likely to die from communicable diseases (flu, tuberculosis, rabies, measles, HIV/AIDS), while more developed countries tend to be more likely to die from lifestyle related chronic diseases (diabetes, obesity, heart disease, hypertension)

Ehrlich theory

predicted that in the latter part of the 20th century (70s-80s and beyond) the world would face severe consequences of population growth. [person] predicted worldwide famines and called for countries to adopt severe restrictive population policies.

Eugenic population policies

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

Fertility

The ability to conceive and bear children. Also short for the birthrate of a population.

Total fertility rate

the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime

Infant mortality rate

the total number of deaths in a year of infants under the age of 1 for every 1000 live births

Life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can expect to live, given current social, economic and medical conditions

Malthusian Theory

a theory of exponential population growth and arithmetic food supply growth. [Person who made it] argued that if left unchecked, a population will outgrow its resources and there would be a resulting crisis.

Medical public health infrastructure

A term that refers to a country's ability to provide health to residents. [Term] comprises a capable and qualified workforce, up-to-date data equipment and information, agencies and facilities capable of assessing and responding to public health needs.

Mortality

the number of deaths in a given time or place

Neo-Malthusians

those who believe population growth to be a problem due to food shortages, conflict, poverty etc. and provide the foundation for restrictive pop. policies.

Pandemic

disease that occurs over a wide area and affects a high percentage of the population

Physiological density

the number of people per unit of arable land

Population pyramids/Age-sex diagrams

two-sided vertical bar graphs that show what percentages of people in certain age groups and of each sex make up a population

Pronatalist/Expansive Policies

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

Rate of Natural Increase or Natural Increase Rate

the difference between the number of births and deaths expressed as a percentage.

Replacement rate

the number of children necessary to maintain the current population

Overpopulation

the number of people in an area is greater than the area's ability to support life at a decent standard of living