AP Hug Ch 4-5 Vocab

Alternative fact (altfact)

A statement that can be proved to be false

Cultural homogenization

The process of reduction in cultural diversity through the diffusion of popular culture

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Cyber Espionage

The unauthorized and clandestine deployment of a virus to observe or destroy data in the computer systems of government agencies and large corporations

Fake news

A false report disseminated under the guise of an authentic news report, created to maliciously spread misinformation and mislead consumers of the content

Folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Franchise

an agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporation's products in a local area

Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

Malware (or malicious software)

hostile or intrusive software designed to cause intentional harm

Popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Ransomware (or cyptoviral extortion)

A form of malware that encrypts the victim's files, making them inaccessible until a ransom is paid to decrypt them

Taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

Terroir

The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

Trolling

The practice of posting deliberately inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages in social media in order to provoke quarrels or otherwise agitate people.

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)

A dialect used by some African Americans

Centrifugal force

A cultural value that tends to pull people apart

Centripetal force

A cultural value that tends to unify people

Creole (or creolized) language

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Denglish

A combination of Deutsch (the German word for German) and English.

Developing language

A language in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Dying language

A language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children

Endangered language

a language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently

Extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Franglais

A combination of Francais and Anglais (the French words for French and English respectively).

Institutional language

A language used in education, work, mass media, and government

Isoglass

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

Isolated language

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.

Language

A system of communication through speech or movement, a collection of sounds or symbols understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

Language family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

Language branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence

Language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

Literary tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken

Logogram

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound

Mutual intelligibility

The ability of people communicating in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort

Offical language

The language adopted for use by a government for the conduct of buisness and publication of documents

Pidgin language

A form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication among speakers of two different languages

Received pronunciation

The dialect of English commonly ysed by politicians, broadcasters, and actors in the United Kingdom

Spanglish

A combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans

Standard language

The form of a language used for official government, business, education, and mass communication

Subdialect

A subdivision of a dialect

Threatened language

A language used for face-to-face communication, but is losing users.

Vigorous language

a language that is spoken in daily use but that lacks a literary tradition

Vuglar latin

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

Working language

A language that is used by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation