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Cephalocaudal
Development that proceeds from the head down to the feet.
Proximodistal
Development that starts at the central part of the body and progresses outward.
Dendrites
Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.
Axon
Long projection that carries electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body.
Myelin Sheath
Fatty layer covering the axon, increasing the speed of neural signal transmission.
Perception
The process by which infants begin to process sensory information.
Plasticity
The brain’s capacity to adapt and reorganize, particularly strong during infancy.
Pruning
The elimination of unnecessary neurons and synaptic connections.
Rooting Reflex
An infant’s response to having their cheek stroked, aiding in feeding.
Moro Reflex
Infants throw out arms and legs in response to loud noises or sudden movements.
Visual Cliff (Gibson and Walk)
An experiment to test infants’ depth perception.
Fine Motor Skills
Small, precise movements, such as grasping or manipulating objects.
Gross Motor Skills
Large movements like crawling, standing, and walking.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
A theoretical mechanism proposed by Chomsky for learning language.
Cooing
Producing vowel-like sounds around 2 months of age.
Babbling
Repetition of consonant-vowel sounds, typically around 6 months.
First Words
Simple, meaningful words typically spoken around 12 months.
Two-Word Phrases
Short, telegraphic sentences used around 18-24 months.
Object Permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
A-not-B Error
When an infant searches for an object in a familiar location instead of a new one.
Schemas
Frameworks for organizing information.
Assimilation and Accommodation
Processes used to integrate new information into existing schemas or alter schemas.
Habituation and Dishabituation
Decreased response to repeated stimuli and renewed interest in a new stimulus.
Basic Emotions
Emotions like joy, anger, and sadness that infants are born with.
Attachment Theory
Proposed attachment as an evolutionary survival mechanism.
Secure Attachment
Infants use caregivers as a secure base and are easily comforted upon return.
Avoidant Attachment
Infants show little interest in caregiver’s presence or return.
Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment
Infants exhibit anxiety and difficulty being comforted upon caregiver’s return.
Disorganized Attachment
Lack of clear attachment behavior, often due to inconsistent caregiving.
Oral Stage
Freud’s stage from birth to ~1 year focusing on the mouth for gratification.
Temperament Types
Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up temperament classifications.
Goodness of Fit
The compatibility of a child’s temperament with their environment.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson's stage where infants rely on consistent caregiving to develop trust.
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Erikson's stage where toddlers develop autonomy or face criticism and doubt.
Motor Skills Milestones
Developmental milestones related to gross and fine motor skills.
Cycle-of-Violence Hypothesis
The theory that children exposed to violence may develop aggressive tendencies.
Child Safety
Methods to ensure safety for children, including supervision and environmental safety.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
The difference between what a child can do independently and with guidance.
Scaffolding
Temporary support to help children within their ZPD.
Private Speech
Children’s self-directed speech aiding cognitive development.
Egocentrism
Difficulty in seeing perspectives other than one's own, as per Piaget.
Conservation
Understanding that certain properties remain the same despite changes in form.
Animistic Thinking
Attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects.
Transductive Reasoning
Making causal connections based on proximity rather than logic in preschoolers.
Grammar
The understanding of syntax to form complex sentences.
Pragmatics
Learning social rules of language, such as turn-taking.
Fast Mapping
Quickly learning new words by associating them with known concepts.
Telegraphic Speech
Using essential words to convey meaning in early language.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Preschoolers' attempts at taking initiative can lead to a sense of purpose or guilt.
Gender Identity and Stereotypes
Children's awareness of gender roles influenced by socialization.
Authoritative Parenting
High warmth and control associated with positive outcomes.
Authoritarian Parenting
High control and low warmth, associated with obedience.
Permissive Parenting
High warmth and low control, which may lead to impulsivity.
Uninvolved Parenting
Low warmth and control, associated with developmental issues.
Parallel Play
Children playing near each other without direct interaction.
Onlooker Play
Watching other children play to assist social learning.
Pretend Play
Role-playing activities that foster imagination.
Associative Play
Playing alongside others and sharing materials without coordinated goals.
Constructive Play
Building or creating something, contributing to fine motor skills development.
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