5.2: Reading ASSIGNMENT-Infancy & Childhood/Parents & Peer

Independence

A key focus of Western cultures in child raising, emphasizing self-reliance and personal needs.

Family Honor

A significant value in Asian and African cultures, where the actions of one family member can affect the entire family's reputation.

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm or destroy.

Cultural Influences

Factors from one’s culture that shape gender roles and child-rearing practices.

Transgender

A term used when a person's gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth.

Gender Roles

Society’s expectations for how men and women should behave based on their gender.

Biopsychosocial Model

A framework that suggests biological, psychological, and social factors interact to shape gender roles and behavior.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that children learn gender roles by watching, imitating, and receiving rewards or punishments.

Gusii Parenting Style

An African child-rearing method where babies are carried on the backs of mothers with minimal talking.

Gender Schema

A mental framework that children develop to understand what it means to be male or female.

Carol Gilligan

Psychologist who suggested that girls focus more on relationships than independence.

Peer Influence

The impact that friends and peers have on a child’s behavior and choices.

Emotional Support

The provision of comfort and encouragement to someone in distress, often more readily provided by women.

Cultural Expectations

The norms and values that different societies impose on behaviors and roles, particularly regarding gender.

Leadership Styles

Different approaches to leadership, with men often being more authoritative and women more inclusive.

Social Dominance

The perception that men are more powerful and prioritize achievement in society.

Early Stimulation

The impact of enriching environments during early childhood that aid in brain development.

Aggression Gender Gap

The difference in reported levels of aggression between men and women, often more pronounced in unequal cultures.

Group Play Differences

How boys typically play in larger, competitive groups while girls tend to play in smaller, less competitive settings.

Gender Identity

A person's internal sense of being male, female, or something else.

Health Discrepancies

Differences in health outcomes that are often influenced by societal and cultural factors.

Job Market Gender Gap

The ongoing disparities seen in the job market, with men generally occupying higher status positions.

Parenting Influence

The significant role that parents play in shaping their children’s education, discipline, and social interactions.

Communication Styles

Distinctive ways in which men and women tend to interact, with men often being more assertive.

Gender Differences in Longevity

Statistical trends showing that females tend to live longer than males, often by an average of 5 years.

Early Experiences on Brain Development

How positive early life experiences contribute to brain growth and cognitive abilities.

Men’s Health and Risk Behaviors

Men are more likely to engage in harmful behaviors and have higher rates of certain mental health issues.