PA CAT anatomy questions

Eight bones form the cranial portion of the skull. Which of them surrounds the external acoustic meatus?

Temporal

Bones of the skull are connected by synarthrosis. Which of them runs between each temporal bone & parietal bone?

Squamosal

Eight bones form the cranial portion of the skull. Which of the bones exists singularly?

Frontal

The vestibulocochlear nerve passes through the posterior cranial fossa. What provides passage of this structure?

Internal Acoustic Meatus

Olfactory axons of cranial nerve I pass through the anterior cranial fossa. What provides passage of this structure?

Cribriform plate

A fissure exists between the anterior and middle cranial fossa. Which structure within the fissure is most inferior?

Abducens nerve

The greater petrosal nerve passes through the middle cranial fossa. What provides passage for this structure?

Foramen lacerum

A patient's procerus muscle has been damaged. What action will be affected?

Flaring the nostrils

A patient has difficulty abducting the jaw. What muscle is affected?

Lateral pterygoid

A muscle innervated by cranial nerve VII originates from the maxilla & mandible and inserts into the orbicularis oris muscle. How does this muscle assist in mastication?

Buccinator--prevents food pocketing into cheek

A muscle innervated by cranial nerve VII crosses the angle of the mouth to the upper lip & inserts into the skin near the median line. What is a function of this muscle?

Triangularis--emphasizes vocal communication

The largest cranial nerve contains three divisions that leave the skull through separate foramina; one travels through the foramen ovale. Which nerve of this branch supplies the skin on the side of the head?

Auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular branch)

The largest cranial nerve contains three divisions that leave the skull through separate foramina; one travels through the foramen rotundum. Which nerve of this branch supplies the lacrimal gland, forehead, and cheek?

zygomatic nerve (maxillary branch)

The largest cranial nerve contains three divisions that leave the skull through separate foramina; one travels through the superior orbital fissure. Which nerve of this branch becomes the anterior ethmoid nerve?

Nasociliary

The largest cranial nerve arises directly from the pons. What discrete aspect of this structure is an important site for reflexes?

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

The largest cranial nerve arises directly from the pons. What discrete aspect of this structure regulates biting force?

Mesencephalic nucleus

A structurer separates the external ear from the middle ear. What is the general function of this structure?

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)--translate sound waves to vibrations

A structure contains ossicles connected to the tympanic membrane. What is connected to the membrane of the oval window?

Stapes

A structure contains the malleus, incus, & stapes. What facilitates air pressure equalization for this structure?

Eustachian tubes

A structure consists of the pinna & the external acoustic meatus. What vessel supplies this structure?

External carotid artery

A structure consists of the pinna and the external acoustic meatus. What does this structure direct sound toward?

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A fossa is composed of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bones. What is this structure bound to on its frontal surface?

Chiasmatic groove (middle cranial fossa)

A fossa is composed of the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. What does this structure contain?

Olfactory bulb (anterior cranial fossa)

What structure is supported by the lateral boundaries of the anterior cranial fossa?

Frontal lobes of the cerebrum

A cranial nerve with both sensory and motor components has fibers that extend into the abdomen. What activity does this nerve modulate?

Heart rate (CN X Vagus nerve)

A cranial nerve with both sensory and motor components sends the sensation of taste from the posterior portion of the tongue. What type of muscle does this nerve innervate?

Muscle of pharynx (CN IX glossopharyngeal)

A purely efferent cranial nerve is involved in deliberate & involuntary movements. What is a general function of this nerve?

Clearing saliova from the mouth (CN XII, hypoglossal nerve)

A purely efferent cranial nerve affects accommodation. What can result from damage to this nerve?

Double vision (CN III, oculomotor)

A purely afferent cranial nerve is responsible for detecting odiferous molecules. What can result from damage to this nerve?

Parosima: distorted sense of smell (CN I, olfactory nerve)

A patient diagnosed as having rotator cuff syndrome demonstrates impairment involving the supraspinatus muscle. What anatomical feature's failure typically causes this injury?

Subacromial bursa

A tendon arises from a muscle that medially rotates the arm at the glenohumeral joint and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus. From what muscle does this tendon arise?

Subscapularis

A musculotendinous collar surrounds the anterior, superior, and posterior aspects of the glenohumeral joing. Besides the tendons of the rotator cuff, what composes this structure?

Capsule

A group of muscles arises from various locations on the scapula and inserts in the proximal humerus. Which muscle of this group inserts most posteriorly?

Teres minor

The anterolateral projection of a bone arches over the glenohumeral joint and has a small oval facet on its distal end for articulation. What structure does this projection articulate with?

Clavicle (scapula)

The superior border of a flat triangular bone contains a hook like structure that projects anterolaterally. How is this structure positioned relative to the lateral part of the clavicle?

Inferior

A portion of bone oriented horizontally between the proximal humerus and the shaft is weaker than other areas. What is the name of this portion, which is a common fracture site?

Surgical neck

Landmarks on the proximal end of the humerus are the site of attachment for rotator cuff muscles. Relative to the greater of these landmarks, where is the lesser landmark?

Anterior

A bone with an S-shaped contour serves as an attachment between the trunk and the upper limb. Where does this attachment articulate medially?

Manubrium of the sternum

The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. What blood vessel supplies this structure?

Subclavian artery

The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. Which wall of this structure is formed by the scapula, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and the triceps brachii?

Posterior

The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. What directly enters through the medial wall of this structure?

Intercostobrachial nerve

The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. This structure contains the proximal portion of what other structure?

Coracobrachialis

The transition of the neck and the arm is formed by the clavicle, scapula, upper thoracic wall, and humerus with related muscles. How is the apex of the inlet of this structure directed?

Lateral

An artery originating from the axillary artery passes through the quadrangular space of the teres major, teres minor, triceps brachii, and humerus. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery that this structure originates from?

3; the structure is the posterior circumflex artery

An artery originating from the axillary artery has branches from the inferior margin of the pectoralis major muscle that contribute to the vascular supply of the breast in women. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery from which this structure originates?

2; lateral thoracic artery

An artery supplies the upper regions of the medial and anterior axillary walls. How many branches arise from the part of the axillary artery from which this structure originates?

1; superior thoracic artery

The part of the axillary artery anterior to the subscapularis muscle and teres major muscle has 3 branches. How is this part oriented in relation to the pectoralis minor?

Distal

A blood vessel passes through the axilla to the inferior margin of the teres major muscle. What is formed by this continuation?

Brachial artery

A nerve innervates the skin on the lower lateral surface of the arm and the dorsal lateral surface of the hand. This nerve is the largest terminal branch of what formation?

Posterior cord of the brachial plexus (radial nerve)

The cord of a plexus is positioned medial to the second part of the axillary artery. What nerve originates from this cord?

Ulnar nerve (medial cord)

A cord of a plexus is positioned posterior to the second part of the axillary artery. What nerve originates from this cord?

Thoracodorsal nerve (posterior cord)

The cord of a plexus is positioned posterior to the second part of the axillary artery. What roots are the origin of this structure?

C5 to T1 (posterior cord)

The roots and trunks of a plexus enter the posterior triangle of the neck between the anterior scalene and middle scalene muscles. What forms the inferior trunk of this plexus?

Union of C8 and T1 roots (inferior trunk)

A hinge joint with three separate articulations has a shared synovial cavity. One of the three articulations is involved in pronation and supination of the forearm. What structure forms an articulation with the head of the radius to enable this movement?

Radial notch of the ulna

A compartment of the arm is innervated by the radial nerve. What muscle is contained in this compartment?

Triceps brachii

An artery passes through the anterior compartment of the arm and terminates distal to the elbow joint. This structure continues from what artery?

Axillary

An artery passes through the anterior compartment of the arm and terminates distal to the elbow joint. What vessel is medial to this artery?

Basilic vein

A muscle enables extension of the forearm at the elbow joint. What is the insertion site of this muscle?

Proximal radius

A muscle innervated by the radial nerve enables extension of the forearm at the elbow joint. Where does the long head of this muscle originate?

Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

A muscle in the posterior compartment of the arm is innervated by the radial nerve. What movement does this structure enable?

Extension of the elbow

A muscle in the anterior compartment of the arm is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and enables flexion of the glenohumeral joint. Where does the long head of this muscle originate?

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

A muscle extends from the coracoid process of the scapula to the midshaft of the humerus. Which nerve innervates this muscle?

Musculocutaneous nerve

A 58 year old man cannot actively extend his left ring finger. On exam, his ring finger is flexed at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint and proximal interpharangeal joint. What tendon is malfunctioning?

Flexor digitorum superficialis

What muscle performs a flexion action despite its location on the posterior forearm?

Brachioradialis

What muscle forms the medial border of the anatomical snuff box?

Extensor pollicis longus

What is a deep muscle of the posterior forearm?

Extensor pollicis brevis

A muscle within the deep layer of the posterior forearm is wrapped around the proximal end of the radius during protonation of the hand. What is a role of this muscle?

Supinator of the forearm

A muscle in the intermediate layer of the forearm splits into two parts near the proximal phalanx of each finger. What other muscle's tendon does this structure pass around posteriorly?

Flexor digitorum profundus

A square-shaped muscle in the deep layer of the distal forearm originates from a linear ridge on the lower ulna. Where does it insert?

Flat surface of the radius

A muscle in the deep layer of the anterior forearm originates from the anterior & medial surfaces of the ulna. What is another point of origin for this muscle?

Anterior surface of the interosseous membrane

A muscle in the intermediate layer of the forearm contains two heads, one of which originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Where is the second origin of this head?

Coronoid process of the ulna

A muscle in the superficial layer of the anterior forearm originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and passes to the lateral side of the anterior surface of the wrist. Where does it insert?

Bases of metacarpals II & III

An osteofibrous passageway leads from the wrist to the hand. What enables free movement of tendons within this structure?

Synovial sheath

The tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and median nerve are contained by an osteofibrous passageway leading from wrist to hand. Which structure is deep to the tendons of the largest extrinsic flexor of the forearm?

Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus

An osteofibrous passageway leads from the wrist to the hand. What lies in the distal row of the osseous plane of this structure?

Trapezium

Joints in the upper limb, including the wrist and digits, display actions powered by flexor muscles. Which of them facilitates flexion and extension as main mechanisms of movement?

Interpharangeal joint

A group of muscles is associated with flexion of the wrist joint. Which muscle of this group is also responsible for abduction of the wrist?

Flexor carpi radialis

The joint of the first metacarpal facilitates flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. What other bone makes up this joint?

Trapezium

A 26 year old man is seen in the ED after cutting his wrist while opening a package with a knife. Upon examination, he cannot flex his thumb. What structure was injured?

Flexor pollicis longus

An adult demonstrates slight extension of the cervical and lumbar spine. What condition in these regions of the spine is likely?

Lordosis

A female teen demonstrates abnormal lateral deviation of the thoracic spine. What condition is likely?

Scoliosis

Structures in the vertebral column increase in size as the column descends. Which part of these structures forms the walls of the spinal canal?

Vertebral arch

Five vertebrae compose a region of the vertebral column. What aspect of these structures is directed backward and oval shaped?

Pedicle

Structures protecting the spinal cord form foramina between discrete bodies, arches, and pedicles. Which of these structures is characterized by having a large cone shaped transverse process?

L5

What grouping of vertebrae displays a heart shaped body?

Thoracic

Which vertebrae contains an odontoid process that assists in rotational movement?

C2

A structure forms the central axis of bearing weight. Which region of this structure is subjected to forces that may cause anterior spondylolisthesis?

Lumbosacral

Cartilaginous structures between adjacent vertebrae enable motion of the spine and protection from heavy loads. Which component of these structures is composed of loose collagen fiber, water, & proteins?

Nucleus pulposus

The vertebral canal is smallest in which region of the vertebral column?

Thoracic

Bundles of fibers transmit information to and away from the spinal cord. Which of these structures provides innervation to the multifidus?

Medial branch of dorsal ramus

Bundles of fibers transmit information to and away from the spinal cord. Which part of these structures forms an intersecting convergence after exiting the vertebral column?

Plexus

Which spinal nerve supplies the lower extremities?

L3

Nervous tissue is protected from vertebrae by membrane like coatings that cover the spinal cord. Analgesics target the space between what structures?

Dura mater and ligamentum flavum

Which of the spinal meninges is deepest?

Pia mater

Where does a branch re-enter the intervertebral foramen of a spinal nerve to supply the vertebrae?

Rami

What region of the mediastinum is significant regarding potential descending thoracic aortic aneurysm?

Posterior

Which region of the mediastinum can be obstructed by ingestion of foreign substances?

Superior

What region of the mediastinum contains no major named nerves?

Anterior

Which region of the mediastinum is innervated by the cardiac plexus?

Middle

A nerve inferior to the aortic arch controls the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, excluding the cricothyroid muscle. This structure is located in which region of the mediastinum?

Superior (Left recurrent laryngeal nerve)