Studied by 3 peoplemental maps
maps in our minds of our activity spaces
Cartography
the making of maps
remote sensing
process of making maps where scanners and cameras on satellites transmit information to computers
Geographic information system(GIS)
programs allow presentation and analysis of spatial data
spatial perspective
spatial patterns are crucial to how we live and how we organize our societies
space: surface of earth
organization: organizing that space
geography
made of physical geography and human geography
spatial patterns
knowledge of location and distribution of significant features on the earths surface
natural world and human world
scale
relationship between distance on a map and distance on the ground (ratio)
small scale map
ratio between map and real world is very small
operational scale
scale at which social or natural processes operate
geographic realms
global neighborhoods possessing particular combinations of environmental, cultural and organizational properties.
physical and human realm
the largest division based on physical and huma ncriteria
functional realm
intervention of human societies and natural environments
historical realm
interaction over time
natural boundaries
ocean and seas
transitional zones
where 2 geographic realms meet, no sharp boundaries
Sahel (ATZ) is largest transition zone
dynamic entities
colonization, europeanization, and westernization are then the world map has changed dramatically
mono-centric
dominated by a single major political entity (biggest realms in area) -mexico, U.S., china, russia
polycentric
appearance, functioning, and organization of the realm are dispersed among a number of more or less equally influential regions or countries. - Europe, north Africa southwest Asia, sub-saharan Africa
colonization
colonel goes to land and takes over it wether it is empty or already taken
europeanization
European Union expands and passes characteristics
westernization
extension of Western Europe culture and practices
transition zones example
North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa- desert/mountains to wet/grasslands
region
refined level of spatial classification requiring more specific criteria (sub to realm)
-south, midwest, prairie provinces
area
space occupied on earths surface
boundaries
natural sharp divisions ( river)
absolute location
latitudinal and longitudinal coordinate
relative location
location with reference to other regions
homogeneity
samness
formal regions
display measurable and often visible internal homogeneity (corn belt farming)
regions as systems
functional integration - way they work
spatial systems
formed by the areal extent of the activities that define them - space from core and surrounding area
CBD
central business district (core)
hinterland
surrounding zone of intersection
periphery
boundary of functional region - has a core/CBD and a periphery
interconnections
all human- geographic regions are interconnected
natural landscapes
mountain chains to coastal plains
these influence human activity and movement
continental drift
Pangea
supercontinent that broke up and continues to drift apart
tectonic plates
lighter rock continents rest on slabs of heavier rock plates that move by magma circulation cells within the earth.
(collision of plates cause earthquakes or volcano eruptions)
pacific ring of fire
zone of active volcanos and earthquakes that encircle the pacific ocean
Alfred wagener
flew and studied atmosphere in arctic
came up with pangea
he found that the continents move
he thought they moved out but really they move on tectonic plates
weather
immediate state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a given time
climate
total record of weather conditions at apace or a region over an entire period during which records have been kept
climatology
branch of geography that focuses on climate
global climate change
natural anthropogenic causes of warming and cooling
green house effect
suns radiation becomes trapped in the earths atmosphere leading to climate changed (2 degree C a year)
Anthropocene
humans predominately affect the natural environment
holocene
Wladimir koppen
Humid equatorial climate (A)
high precipitation and temperatures
AF: tropical rainforest (no dry season)
AW: tropical savanna (warm temps, wet summer, dry winter)
AM: tropical monsoon (humid, lots of rain)
dry climate (B)
low precipitation with varying temperature averages
BS: semiarid (some rain but has droughts from not enough)
BW: arid( very dry, no rain)
Humid temperate climates (C)
mid-latitudes with no temperature extremes
CF: no dry season ( hot summer, cool winter)
CW: dry season in winter (wet summer)
CS: dry season in summer
Humid cold climates (D)
continental with temperature extremes
DF: no dry season (wet all seasons)
DW: dry season in winter
Cold polar climate (E)
high latitudes and large temperature ranges
ET: tundra- freezing temps with plant covering
EF: ice- Antartica
highland climates (H)
high altitude and large temperature ranges
Tropic of Cancer
most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead
tropic of Capricorn
the southernmost latitude where the Sun can be seen directly overhead
population distribution
every dot represents 100,000 people
world population: 7.7 billion
population cluster
one specific group or a few related but separate groups of people.
South Asia, East Asia, and Europe make up 4 billion people in world
south Asia
worlds largest cluster
east Asia
centered on china - another large cluster
europe
Europe and Russia - another large cluster
urbanizing the world
proportion of the total population living in cities and towns (55%)
urban growth rate
the growth of urban population over time
megacities
huge urban groups with populations over 10 million
cultural landscape
distinctive attributes of a society imprinted on its portion of the worlds physical stage
language
essence of culture
language families
15 language families
Indo-European is most widely distributed language family
English,french,spanish,russian,persian,hindi
lingua franca
common second language used in government, commerce, and higher education
(English primacy is result of colonization and globalization)
landscapes of religion
crucial influence on world civilization and globalization
strong connection between realm and religion
patterns of religion are diffuse and dynamic
states
200 “states” in world
sovereignty
a government of a state rules supreme within its borders
European state model
assumed that state and nation were ideally conterminous
nation-state would enclose an ethically and culturally homogenous people within a national boundary
modern state
challenged
“from above” by the European union
“from below” by the ethnic minorities
geography roles
the politics of the state
the international relations among states, within realms and religions
warefare and terrorism
world map of states is unstable
states are not only geopolitical actors
economic geography
focuses on spatial aspects of ways people make their living and the patterns of production distribution
development
used to gauge a populations economic, social, and institutional growth and overall well being
sustainable development
long-term viability of economic patterns in relation to the physical environment and natural resources
inclusive development
emphasize the extent of equal economic opportunities for different population groups, especially minorities and the poor
global core
places of dominance whose inhabitants exerted their power over their surroundings near and far
global periphery
sustained the core
core-periphery relationships
operates at multiple scales
core areas
except for a few special cases all countries contain these
uneven development
at both the global and local scales
globalization
geographical process in which spatial relations (economic, cultural,political) shift to even broader scales.
integrating the entire world into a “global village” linked by communications and transport technologies
global warming
threat to planet
un climate change conference
purpose is to reach agreement on collective reductions in the emission of greenhouse gases to limit global warming
slow process
migration
flows have intensified
transitional migrants
highly mobile and major players in the spreading of cultures around the world
North American realm
Canada and US
almost unlimited range of natural resources
bonds by trade as well as culture
broad cultural traits
highly urbanized
mobile population
multilingualism
stable democrates
similar cultural landscapes
U.S.
major concentrations along Atlantic and pacific coast.
population growing faster than canda
high degrees of cultural diversity in ancestral and historical backgrounds.
hispanic- 18.3 %
african american- 13.4%
asian- 5.9%
other
Canada
East-West corridor within 300 km(200 mi) of the US border
East and south asians
physiographic regions
west: pacific mountains, rocky mountains
great lakes
great plains
Appalachian mountains
canadian sheild
interior lowlands
tropical
southern tip of florida
CF and DF climates
good for farming
continentality
inland climate remotes from maritime influences
higher latitude, continental interiors coincide with lower population densities
rain shadow effect
five great lakes
drain into st. Lawrence river
st Lawrence river
flows to the Atlantic ocean
Note
Flashcard