Geography Exam 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 3 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/140

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

141 Terms

1
New cards
mental maps
maps in our minds of our activity spaces
2
New cards
Cartography
the making of maps
3
New cards
remote sensing
process of making maps where scanners and cameras on satellites transmit information to computers
4
New cards
Geographic information system(GIS)
programs allow presentation and analysis of spatial data
5
New cards
spatial perspective
spatial patterns are crucial to how we live and how we organize our societies

space: surface of earth

organization: organizing that space
6
New cards
geography
made of physical geography and human geography
7
New cards
spatial patterns
knowledge of location and distribution of significant features on the earths surface

natural world and human world
8
New cards
scale
relationship between distance on a map and distance on the ground (ratio)
9
New cards
small scale map
ratio between map and real world is very small
10
New cards
operational scale
scale at which social or natural processes operate
11
New cards
geographic realms
global neighborhoods possessing particular combinations of environmental, cultural and organizational properties.
12
New cards
physical and human realm
the largest division based on physical and huma ncriteria
13
New cards
functional realm
intervention of human societies and natural environments
14
New cards
historical realm
interaction over time
15
New cards
natural boundaries
ocean and seas
16
New cards
transitional zones
where 2 geographic realms meet, no sharp boundaries

Sahel (ATZ) is largest transition zone
17
New cards
dynamic entities
colonization, europeanization, and westernization are then the world map has changed dramatically
18
New cards
mono-centric
dominated by a single major political entity (biggest realms in area) -mexico, U.S., china, russia
19
New cards
polycentric
appearance, functioning, and organization of the realm are dispersed among a number of more or less equally influential regions or countries. - Europe, north Africa southwest Asia, sub-saharan Africa
20
New cards
colonization
colonel goes to land and takes over it wether it is empty or already taken
21
New cards
europeanization
European Union expands and passes characteristics
22
New cards
westernization
extension of Western Europe culture and practices
23
New cards
transition zones example
North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa- desert/mountains to wet/grasslands
24
New cards
region
refined level of spatial classification requiring more specific criteria (sub to realm)

\-south, midwest, prairie provinces
25
New cards
area
space occupied on earths surface
26
New cards
boundaries
natural sharp divisions ( river)
27
New cards
absolute location
latitudinal and longitudinal coordinate
28
New cards
relative location
location with reference to other regions
29
New cards
homogeneity
samness
30
New cards
formal regions
display measurable and often visible internal homogeneity (corn belt farming)
display measurable and often visible internal homogeneity (corn belt farming)
31
New cards
regions as systems
functional integration - way they work
32
New cards
spatial systems
formed by the areal extent of the activities that define them - space from core and surrounding area
33
New cards
CBD
central business district (core)
34
New cards
hinterland
surrounding zone of intersection
35
New cards
periphery
boundary of functional region - has a core/CBD and a periphery
36
New cards
interconnections
all human- geographic regions are interconnected
37
New cards
natural landscapes
mountain chains to coastal plains

these influence human activity and movement
38
New cards
continental drift
39
New cards
Pangea
supercontinent that broke up and continues to drift apart
40
New cards
tectonic plates
lighter rock continents rest on slabs of heavier rock plates that move by magma circulation cells within the earth.

(collision of plates cause earthquakes or volcano eruptions)
41
New cards
pacific ring of fire
zone of active volcanos and earthquakes that encircle the pacific ocean
42
New cards
Alfred wagener
flew and studied atmosphere in arctic

came up with pangea

he found that the continents move

he thought they moved out but really they move on tectonic plates
43
New cards
weather
immediate state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a given time
44
New cards
climate
total record of weather conditions at apace or a region over an entire period during which records have been kept
45
New cards
climatology
branch of geography that focuses on climate
46
New cards
global climate change
natural anthropogenic causes of warming and cooling
47
New cards
green house effect
suns radiation becomes trapped in the earths atmosphere leading to climate changed (2 degree C a year)
48
New cards
Anthropocene
humans predominately affect the natural environment
49
New cards
holocene
50
New cards
Wladimir koppen
51
New cards
Humid equatorial climate (A)
high precipitation and temperatures

AF: tropical rainforest (no dry season)

AW: tropical savanna (warm temps, wet summer, dry winter)

AM: tropical monsoon (humid, lots of rain)
52
New cards
dry climate (B)
low precipitation with varying temperature averages

BS: semiarid (some rain but has droughts from not enough)

BW: arid( very dry, no rain)
53
New cards
Humid temperate climates (C)
mid-latitudes with no temperature extremes

CF: no dry season ( hot summer, cool winter)

CW: dry season in winter (wet summer)

CS: dry season in summer
54
New cards
Humid cold climates (D)
continental with temperature extremes

DF: no dry season (wet all seasons)

DW: dry season in winter
55
New cards
Cold polar climate (E)
high latitudes and large temperature ranges

ET: tundra- freezing temps with plant covering

EF: ice- Antartica
56
New cards
highland climates (H)
high altitude and large temperature ranges
57
New cards
Tropic of Cancer
most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead
58
New cards
tropic of Capricorn
the southernmost latitude where the Sun can be seen directly overhead
59
New cards
population distribution
every dot represents 100,000 people

world population: 7.7 billion
60
New cards
population cluster
one specific group or a few related but separate groups of people.

South Asia, East Asia, and Europe make up 4 billion people in world
61
New cards
south Asia
worlds largest cluster
62
New cards
east Asia
centered on china - another large cluster
63
New cards
europe
Europe and Russia - another large cluster
64
New cards
urbanizing the world
proportion of the total population living in cities and towns (55%)
65
New cards
urban growth rate
the growth of urban population over time
66
New cards
megacities
huge urban groups with populations over 10 million
67
New cards
cultural landscape
distinctive attributes of a society imprinted on its portion of the worlds physical stage
68
New cards
language
essence of culture
69
New cards
language families
15 language families

Indo-European is most widely distributed language family

English,french,spanish,russian,persian,hindi
70
New cards
lingua franca
common second language used in government, commerce, and higher education

(English primacy is result of colonization and globalization)
71
New cards
landscapes of religion
crucial influence on world civilization and globalization

strong connection between realm and religion

patterns of religion are diffuse and dynamic
72
New cards
states
200 ā€œstatesā€ in world
73
New cards
sovereignty
a government of a state rules supreme within its borders
74
New cards
European state model
assumed that state and nation were ideally conterminous

nation-state would enclose an ethically and culturally homogenous people within a national boundary
75
New cards
modern state
challenged

ā€œfrom aboveā€ by the European union

ā€œfrom belowā€ by the ethnic minorities
76
New cards
geography roles
the politics of the state

the international relations among states, within realms and religions

warefare and terrorism

world map of states is unstable

states are not only geopolitical actors
77
New cards
economic geography
focuses on spatial aspects of ways people make their living and the patterns of production distribution
78
New cards
development
used to gauge a populations economic, social, and institutional growth and overall well being
79
New cards
sustainable development
long-term viability of economic patterns in relation to the physical environment and natural resources
80
New cards
inclusive development
emphasize the extent of equal economic opportunities for different population groups, especially minorities and the poor
81
New cards
global core
places of dominance whose inhabitants exerted their power over their surroundings near and far
82
New cards
global periphery
sustained the core
83
New cards
core-periphery relationships
operates at multiple scales
84
New cards
core areas
except for a few special cases all countries contain these
85
New cards
uneven development
at both the global and local scales
86
New cards
globalization
geographical process in which spatial relations (economic, cultural,political) shift to even broader scales.

integrating the entire world into a ā€œglobal villageā€ linked by communications and transport technologies
87
New cards
global warming
threat to planet
88
New cards
un climate change conference
purpose is to reach agreement on collective reductions in the emission of greenhouse gases to limit global warming

slow process
89
New cards
migration
flows have intensified
90
New cards
transitional migrants
highly mobile and major players in the spreading of cultures around the world
91
New cards
North American realm
Canada and US

almost unlimited range of natural resources

bonds by trade as well as culture

broad cultural traits

highly urbanized

mobile population

multilingualism

stable democrates

similar cultural landscapes
92
New cards
U.S.
major concentrations along Atlantic and pacific coast.

population growing faster than canda

high degrees of cultural diversity in ancestral and historical backgrounds.

hispanic- 18.3 %

african american- 13.4%

asian- 5.9%

other
93
New cards
Canada
East-West corridor within 300 km(200 mi) of the US border

East and south asians
94
New cards
physiographic regions
west: pacific mountains, rocky mountains

great lakes

great plains

Appalachian mountains

canadian sheild

interior lowlands
95
New cards
tropical
southern tip of florida
96
New cards
CF and DF climates
good for farming
97
New cards
continentality
inland climate remotes from maritime influences

higher latitude, continental interiors coincide with lower population densities
98
New cards
rain shadow effect
99
New cards
five great lakes
drain into st. Lawrence river
100
New cards
st Lawrence river
flows to the Atlantic ocean