process of making maps where scanners and cameras on satellites transmit information to computers
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Geographic information system(GIS)
programs allow presentation and analysis of spatial data
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spatial perspective
spatial patterns are crucial to how we live and how we organize our societies
space: surface of earth
organization: organizing that space
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geography
made of physical geography and human geography
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spatial patterns
knowledge of location and distribution of significant features on the earths surface
natural world and human world
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scale
relationship between distance on a map and distance on the ground (ratio)
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small scale map
ratio between map and real world is very small
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operational scale
scale at which social or natural processes operate
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geographic realms
global neighborhoods possessing particular combinations of environmental, cultural and organizational properties.
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physical and human realm
the largest division based on physical and huma ncriteria
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functional realm
intervention of human societies and natural environments
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historical realm
interaction over time
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natural boundaries
ocean and seas
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transitional zones
where 2 geographic realms meet, no sharp boundaries
Sahel (ATZ) is largest transition zone
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dynamic entities
colonization, europeanization, and westernization are then the world map has changed dramatically
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mono-centric
dominated by a single major political entity (biggest realms in area) -mexico, U.S., china, russia
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polycentric
appearance, functioning, and organization of the realm are dispersed among a number of more or less equally influential regions or countries. - Europe, north Africa southwest Asia, sub-saharan Africa
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colonization
colonel goes to land and takes over it wether it is empty or already taken
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europeanization
European Union expands and passes characteristics
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westernization
extension of Western Europe culture and practices
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transition zones example
North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa- desert/mountains to wet/grasslands
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region
refined level of spatial classification requiring more specific criteria (sub to realm)
\-south, midwest, prairie provinces
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area
space occupied on earths surface
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boundaries
natural sharp divisions ( river)
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absolute location
latitudinal and longitudinal coordinate
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relative location
location with reference to other regions
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homogeneity
samness
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formal regions
display measurable and often visible internal homogeneity (corn belt farming)
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regions as systems
functional integration - way they work
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spatial systems
formed by the areal extent of the activities that define them - space from core and surrounding area
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CBD
central business district (core)
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hinterland
surrounding zone of intersection
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periphery
boundary of functional region - has a core/CBD and a periphery
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interconnections
all human- geographic regions are interconnected
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natural landscapes
mountain chains to coastal plains
these influence human activity and movement
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continental drift
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Pangea
supercontinent that broke up and continues to drift apart
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tectonic plates
lighter rock continents rest on slabs of heavier rock plates that move by magma circulation cells within the earth.
(collision of plates cause earthquakes or volcano eruptions)
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pacific ring of fire
zone of active volcanos and earthquakes that encircle the pacific ocean
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Alfred wagener
flew and studied atmosphere in arctic
came up with pangea
he found that the continents move
he thought they moved out but really they move on tectonic plates
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weather
immediate state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a given time
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climate
total record of weather conditions at apace or a region over an entire period during which records have been kept
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climatology
branch of geography that focuses on climate
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global climate change
natural anthropogenic causes of warming and cooling
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green house effect
suns radiation becomes trapped in the earths atmosphere leading to climate changed (2 degree C a year)
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Anthropocene
humans predominately affect the natural environment