unit 9 vocab (apes)

Formation of Ozone

O2 + UV-C = O + O

O2 + O = O3

Destruction of Ozone (By humans)

Cl + O3 = ClO + O2

CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbon (GWP 4,000 - 10,000)

• Refrigerants

• Coolants

• Aerosol

Montrell Protocol

Cuts down the CFC usage by 50% by 2020

GWP

Global warming potential - 1

CO2

Carbon Dioxide (GWP - 1)
Most abundant greenhouse gas which is mainly let out through the burning of fossil fuels in cars

N2O

Nitrous Oxide (GWP - 300)

Found in agricultural systems such as fertilizer

CH4

Methane (GWP - 20)

Released from cows and the decomposition of trash

GHGs

An increase in this has led to an increase global temperatures which also leads to climate change

Greenhouse Effect

1. Some solar radiation reflects off the atmosphere and some is absorbed by the ground (soil and ocean)

2. Infrared (heat) is released out into space

3. Greenhouse gases trap the heat in the troposphere (Which is a natural process)

4. Excess greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing the earth to warm

UV-C

100% of this is absorbed by the Ozone layer

UV-B

95% of this absorbed by the Ozone layer

UV-A

5% of this absorbed by the Ozone layer

Has the lowest radiation and energy

Albedo

Is the measure of a surface's reflectivity.
The higher this is the more reflective whereas the lower it is the less reflective it is

Bleached Coral Reefs

Coral gets stressed easily, spitting out algae causing the coral to bleach

Melting Ice Caps

Since ice is a habitat and has a high albedo, the ice starts to melt. This results in the permafrost land underneath the ice to melt, releasing methane. This is a positive feedback.

Ocean Warming

Oceans absorbing greenhouse gases which leads the oceans to warm. This is mainly in the arctic which causes land ice to melt.

Thermal Expansion

When heated, particles within a substance gain kinetic energy, causing them to move more vigorously and occupy more space. As a result, the substance expands, leading to an increase in its volume.

Habitat Loss

The result of rising sea temperatures causing the destruction of marine ecosystems, impacting biodiversity, and disrupting food chains.

Ocean Acidification

The ongoing decrease in pH levels of Earth's oceans due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, resulting in increased acidity. This process can harm marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as coral reefs and shellfish.

This process can harm marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as coral reefs and shellfish.

The Effects of Ocean Acidification

The Decrease in pH in the Ocean

CO2 + H20 → H2CO2 (Carbonic acid)

Breaks into H+ (Hydrogen Ions) and HCO3- (Bicarbonate Ions)

Coral gets stressed and can’t form reefs which results in the bottom of the food chain disappearing

Impacts on Marine Food Webs

Native Species

A group of organisms that normally live in an area

Introduced Species

An organism that is not native to an area and most likely brought by humans

Invasive Species

An organism that is not native that causes damage to an ecosystem

Endangered Species

Species at risk of extinction due to low population numbers or habitat destruction.

Solutions to Invasive Species

• Pesticides

• Controlled burns

Endangered Species Act

Put into place to protect and conserve endangered and threatened species and their habitats in the United States.

CITES

Is an international agreement that regulates and monitors the trade of endangered species to protect them from exploitation and ensure their survival.