Phonetics year 2

how is sound presented

variations in air pressure then vibrates in vocal cords

trough

area of low concentration of wave

loudness is affected by

amplitude , distance from source, density of item, presence of resonating body

larger the surface area \=

the larger the sound

denser the item\=

the more sound

frequency means the

number of waves

small area \=

small sound and amplitude

more wave cycles\=

higher the pitch

pitch remains the same regardless of

size

what is the only thing that changes depending on size

loudness

sinosoidal

any wave having the shape of a sine wave \= S

cps\=

cycles per second (same as HTZ)

Frequency equation \=

cycle % time taken

frequencies tell us \=

if wave is a vowel or consonant

vowel and consonant wave form together to make-

complex wave (played at same time)

complex wave\=

any wave that is not a sine wave

fundamental frequency\=

frequency of a complex wave

white noise

sound with equal amounts of power at every frequency within audible range

sound at audible level production\=

vibrations move back and forwards- causing waves- waves enter eardrum vibrating it and moving cochlear

crest

area of highest concentration of wave

frequency\=

number of cycles in a second

sinusoidal wave

Any Wave having shape of an S wave

shape of waves differing

can be differing for differing sound qualities
- differ if 2 different instruments

Descibles

how loud you can hear

how can loudness be represented-

the higher the crest the louder the sound

amplitude2\=

loudness

route mean square RMS

is the amplitude

dotted line on a graph\=

the average (mean) of the wave
- loudness of sound does not depend on its peak

frequency \=

wAVES

simple periodic sounds \=

sine wave

complex periodic sounds

2 or more sine waves - complex waveforms

aperiodic sounds

white noise

sunusoidal wave

an S sine wave

fundamental frequency\=

lowest frequency eg 100htz

first harmonic \=

the loudest sound wave (where the dotted line is or the crest)

Harmonics

How many times glottis opens and closes
Focuses on vocal cords before sound comes out mouth

Frequency

Resonance of the mouth
Is shaped and comes up to mouth for production

Spectrogram

Shows amounts of fundamental frequencies through differing dark area
- different levels of frequency within a word

Formants \=

Frequency from they vocal tract
Change due to shape of vocal tract

Spectrum pitches

Higher the itch the more dense the spectrum

Spectrogram

Shows bursts of air in shaded areas
First shaded area is a formant

Spectogram formants

F1- low formant so low vowel
F2- low formant so back vowel
Highest formant- high vowel and front vowel

Nasalisation in vowels

Oral and nasal cavity are coupled together
Have low frequency resonance- formant
Antiresonace- no energy frequencies

Dipthongs

Affects duration, amplitude and formant frequencies
Second vowel s a target but not actually reached

Vowel characteristics

Are voiced
Source- phonation
Periodic waveform

Sonorant consonants

Voiced
Nasal stops, approximants, lateral approximants
Source0 phonation
Periodic waveform

Obstruent consonants characteristics

Fricatives plosives and affricates
Eg S
Is noise resulted from constricted airflow
Has a aperiodic waveform- no regular waves

Phases of plosive production

Plosive burst\= release of articulation - at end of consonant
Hold phase\= before plosive burst release - no sound occurs
- aspiration occurs after a plosive

Aperiodic english soundless

Voice3less fricatives - f the, s , sh, h
Voiceless plosives- p t k
Voiceless africate - ch

Aperiodic waveform

Waves have no regular cycles

Affricates sound process

Includes a plosive (stop) element then a fricative element

Homorganic

Occur at same place of articulation

\\\\ brackets

Phonemic transcriptions

* intonation

\[\]

Phonetic transcriptions

* substitutions
* Allophonic detail
* Nasalisation

\

Allophonic variation

Multiple pronunciation variants for the same phonological unit

Eg bottle and bo?le

Aspiration

Pt k are aspirated when in initial position and with a stressed syllable

But are not aspirated when in cluster eg spot

Are aspirated when on their own- pot, pan, pen

Devoicing of liquids and glides

When unvoiced plosives are up before a stressed vowel they become devoiced- o below LRWJ

L R W J all are devoiced when applied after plosives PTK

Dental realisations of alveolar sounds

Alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ and the alveolar lateral approximant /l/ are realised as dental articulations when they occur before a dental fricative - /θ/ and /ð/ )

The th when your Tongue touches between teeth

Devoicing of plosives in word initial position

B d g - voiced plosives

When at start or end of word they become devoiced

Clear and dark L

plain \[l\] (‘clear l’) and velarised \[ɫ\] (‘dark l’)

\[l\] in the onset of a syllable, \[ɫ\] in the rhyme of a syllable:

Eg heal- darker and stronger

leaf \[liːf\] holiday \[hɒlɪdeɪ\] feel \[fiːɫ\] field \[fiːɫd\] battle \[b̥ ætlɫ̩\]

Devoicing of obstruents in word final position

In word final position, voiced fricatives - b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ become devoiced (voiceless)

Devoiced =

Voiceless

Intonation

Is context, Stress, Pitch

Fits into phonology

Is a suprasegmental system

Suprasegmental system

Intonation

Prosody

Rhythm

Stress

Pitch

Amplitude

Voice

Segmental system

Is specific and wider contexts

Consonants and vowels

Command/statement Function of intonation in English

Is falling intonation

Demonstrating final to a sentence

Fallowing tone function of intonation in English

Demonstrates end of a sentence

Rising tone function of intonation in english

Demonstrates a sentence isn finished

Ill be late, as I don’t finish work until 6

Rise to fall function of intonation in english

Represents surprise or being impressed

Rising intonation function

Yes/no questions

Falling intonation function

Questions with detailed answers

Rising to falling intonation function

Show surprise or excitement

Falling to rising intonation function

Demonstrates uncertainty/doubt/hesitation

Nuclear tone

Centre tone

If word ends with a voiced plosives =

Plosive will become devoiced

If there’s ‘ng’ in middle of word =

‘Ng’symbol is always accompanied with g in WM

But never at WF

Where does nasalisation symbol appear

On the vowels in the word

Not the nasal

Stress is often accompied (on plosives) by =

Aspiration

Devoiced will dominate ——— when next to each other =

Aspiration

N becomes dental when accompanied with =

T/d and th/thv

T becomes dental when accompanied with =

Th/thv

If there’s a silent space in a word

Eg house = ‘Ouse

This is always replaced with =

A space is always replaced with ? Glottal

Here is never a blank space in transcriptions

Stress appears in which position on an C/V ?

BEFORE C/V

Can shwa be stressed?

No

How many voiceless plosive aspirations can there be in a sentence?

1

When are B d g devpoiced ?

wi and wf

When are V z 3 th devoiced?

WF

waveform types

aperiodic

periodic

sinusoidal

complex

how to measure waves

frequency = number of waves cycles in a second

more wave cycles= higher pitch

loudness changes the wave size

higher the wave heigt=

larger the loudness

how is sound prodcuced ?

vibrations caused by an object that travel through air in waves

what is sound?

vibrations travelling though air pressure

how to measure sound

?

pitch

the more waves = higher the pitch

higher the pitch = denser the spectrum

* pitch remains the same regardless of size of objects

amplitude

the maximum extent of vibration

amplitude= loudness of sound

small area = small amplitude

RMS= route mean square

* doesn’t change depending on size

loudness

Changes dependent on size

higher the crest= louder the sound

loudness= amplitude

loudness is impacted by

size

amplitude of sound waves

waves distance from sound source

quantity of energy that initiated the waves.

\

higher amplitude wave =

= more energy/intensity, thus they sound louder.

electropalatography (EPG) purpose

tracks articulation to see where errors are happening

measure tongue to palate contact during running speech

aka palatometry