Phonetics year 2

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Health

10th

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122 Terms

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how is sound presented
variations in air pressure then vibrates in vocal cords
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trough
area of low concentration of wave
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loudness is affected by
amplitude , distance from source, density of item, presence of resonating body
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larger the surface area \=
the larger the sound
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denser the item\=
the more sound
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frequency means the
number of waves
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small area \=
small sound and amplitude
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more wave cycles\=
higher the pitch
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pitch remains the same regardless of
size
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what is the only thing that changes depending on size
loudness
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sinosoidal
any wave having the shape of a sine wave \= S
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cps\=
cycles per second (same as HTZ)
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Frequency equation \=
cycle % time taken
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frequencies tell us \=
if wave is a vowel or consonant
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vowel and consonant wave form together to make-
complex wave (played at same time)
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complex wave\=
any wave that is not a sine wave
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fundamental frequency\=
frequency of a complex wave
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white noise
sound with equal amounts of power at every frequency within audible range
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sound at audible level production\=
vibrations move back and forwards- causing waves- waves enter eardrum vibrating it and moving cochlear
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crest
area of highest concentration of wave
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frequency\=
number of cycles in a second
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sinusoidal wave
Any Wave having shape of an S wave
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shape of waves differing
can be differing for differing sound qualities
- differ if 2 different instruments
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Descibles
how loud you can hear
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how can loudness be represented-
the higher the crest the louder the sound
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amplitude2\=
loudness
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route mean square RMS
is the amplitude
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dotted line on a graph\=
the average (mean) of the wave
- loudness of sound does not depend on its peak
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frequency \=
wAVES
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simple periodic sounds \=
sine wave
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complex periodic sounds
2 or more sine waves - complex waveforms
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aperiodic sounds
white noise
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sunusoidal wave
an S sine wave
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fundamental frequency\=
lowest frequency eg 100htz
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first harmonic \=
the loudest sound wave (where the dotted line is or the crest)
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Harmonics
How many times glottis opens and closes
Focuses on vocal cords before sound comes out mouth
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Frequency
Resonance of the mouth
Is shaped and comes up to mouth for production
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Spectrogram
Shows amounts of fundamental frequencies through differing dark area
- different levels of frequency within a word
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Formants \=
Frequency from they vocal tract
Change due to shape of vocal tract
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Spectrum pitches
Higher the itch the more dense the spectrum
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Spectrogram
Shows bursts of air in shaded areas
First shaded area is a formant
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Spectogram formants
F1- low formant so low vowel
F2- low formant so back vowel
Highest formant- high vowel and front vowel
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Nasalisation in vowels
Oral and nasal cavity are coupled together
Have low frequency resonance- formant
Antiresonace- no energy frequencies
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Dipthongs
Affects duration, amplitude and formant frequencies
Second vowel s a target but not actually reached
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Vowel characteristics
Are voiced
Source- phonation
Periodic waveform
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Sonorant consonants
Voiced
Nasal stops, approximants, lateral approximants
Source0 phonation
Periodic waveform
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Obstruent consonants characteristics
Fricatives plosives and affricates
Eg S
Is noise resulted from constricted airflow
Has a aperiodic waveform- no regular waves
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Phases of plosive production
Plosive burst\= release of articulation - at end of consonant
Hold phase\= before plosive burst release - no sound occurs
- aspiration occurs after a plosive
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Aperiodic english soundless
Voice3less fricatives - f the, s , sh, h
Voiceless plosives- p t k
Voiceless africate - ch
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Aperiodic waveform
Waves have no regular cycles
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Affricates sound process
Includes a plosive (stop) element then a fricative element
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Homorganic
Occur at same place of articulation
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\\\\ brackets
Phonemic transcriptions

* intonation
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\[\]
Phonetic transcriptions

* substitutions
* Allophonic detail
* Nasalisation

\
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Allophonic variation
Multiple pronunciation variants for the same phonological unit

Eg bottle and bo?le
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Aspiration
Pt k are aspirated when in initial position and with a stressed syllable

But are not aspirated when in cluster eg spot

Are aspirated when on their own- pot, pan, pen
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Devoicing of liquids and glides
When unvoiced plosives are up before a stressed vowel they become devoiced- o below LRWJ

L R W J all are devoiced when applied after plosives PTK
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Dental realisations of alveolar sounds
Alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ and the alveolar lateral approximant /l/ are realised as dental articulations when they occur before a dental fricative - /θ/ and /ð/ )

The th when your Tongue touches between teeth
Alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ and the alveolar lateral approximant /l/ are realised as dental articulations when they occur before a dental fricative -  /θ/ and /ð/ )

The th when your Tongue touches between teeth
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Devoicing of plosives in word initial position
Devoicing of plosives in word initial position
B d g - voiced plosives

When at start or end of word they become devoiced
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Clear and dark L
plain \[l\] (‘clear l’) and velarised \[ɫ\] (‘dark l’)

\[l\] in the onset of a syllable, \[ɫ\] in the rhyme of a syllable:

Eg heal- darker and stronger

leaf \[liːf\] holiday \[hɒlɪdeɪ\] feel \[fiːɫ\] field \[fiːɫd\] battle \[b̥ ætlɫ̩\]
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Devoicing of obstruents in word final position
In word final position, voiced fricatives - b d ɡ v ð z ʒ dʒ become devoiced (voiceless)
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Devoiced =
Voiceless
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Intonation
Is context, Stress, Pitch

Fits into phonology

Is a suprasegmental system
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Suprasegmental system
Intonation

Prosody

Rhythm

Stress

Pitch

Amplitude

Voice
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Segmental system
Is specific and wider contexts

Consonants and vowels
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Command/statement Function of intonation in English
Is falling intonation

Demonstrating final to a sentence
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Fallowing tone function of intonation in English
Demonstrates end of a sentence
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Rising tone function of intonation in english
Demonstrates a sentence isn finished

Ill be late, as I don’t finish work until 6
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Rise to fall function of intonation in english
Represents surprise or being impressed
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Rising intonation function
Yes/no questions
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Falling intonation function
Questions with detailed answers
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Rising to falling intonation function
Show surprise or excitement
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Falling to rising intonation function
Demonstrates uncertainty/doubt/hesitation
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Nuclear tone
Centre tone
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If word ends with a voiced plosives =
Plosive will become devoiced
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If there’s ‘ng’ in middle of word =
‘Ng’symbol is always accompanied with g in WM

But never at WF
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Where does nasalisation symbol appear
On the vowels in the word

Not the nasal
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Stress is often accompied (on plosives) by =
Aspiration
Aspiration
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Devoiced will dominate ——— when next to each other =
Aspiration
Aspiration
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N becomes dental when accompanied with =
T/d and th/thv
T/d and th/thv
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T becomes dental when accompanied with =
Th/thv
Th/thv
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If there’s a silent space in a word

Eg house = ‘Ouse

This is always replaced with =
A space is always replaced with ? Glottal

Here is never a blank space in transcriptions
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Stress appears in which position on an C/V ?
BEFORE C/V
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Can shwa be stressed?
No
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How many voiceless plosive aspirations can there be in a sentence?
1
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When are B d g devpoiced ?
wi and wf
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When are V z 3 th devoiced?
WF
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waveform types
aperiodic

periodic

sinusoidal

complex
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how to measure waves
frequency = number of waves cycles in a second

more wave cycles= higher pitch

loudness changes the wave size
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higher the wave heigt=
larger the loudness
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how is sound prodcuced ?
vibrations caused by an object that travel through air in waves
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what is sound?
vibrations travelling though air pressure
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how to measure sound
?
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pitch
the more waves = higher the pitch

higher the pitch = denser the spectrum

* pitch remains the same regardless of size of objects
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amplitude
the maximum extent of vibration

amplitude= loudness of sound

small area = small amplitude

RMS= route mean square

* doesn’t change depending on size
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loudness
Changes dependent on size

higher the crest= louder the sound

loudness= amplitude
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loudness is impacted by
size

amplitude of sound waves

waves distance from sound source

quantity of energy that initiated the waves.

\
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higher amplitude wave =
= more energy/intensity, thus they sound louder.
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electropalatography (EPG) purpose
electropalatography (EPG) purpose
tracks articulation to see where errors are happening

measure tongue to palate contact during running speech

aka palatometry