Core 1 Comptia

Physical

Physical

Physical Structures (Hubs, fiber, repeaters) bits

Data

Formats data into frames (MAC/Ethernet)

Network

Decides which physical path the data will take (Packets and IP)

Transport

Transmit data using protocols in different parts (Segments)-(TCP, UDP)

Session

Establish and terminates network communications (Data, tunneling, NFS, SQL)

Presentation

Data representation and encryption (Data, compression)

Application

End user layer (Data, HTTP)

APIPA

169.254.0.0 → 169.254.255.254

Class A

10.0.0.0 → 10.255.255.255

Class B

172.16.0.0 → 172.31.255.255

Class C

192.168.0.0 → 192.168.255.255

IPv4

32 bit and 4 8-bit sections

IPv6

126 bit and 8 blocks

1 - 127

255.0.0.0

128 - 191

255.255.0.0

192 - 223

255.255.255.0

ping

127.0.0.0

445

Server Message Block (SMB) TCP/IP

22

Secure Shell (SSH)

23

Telnet

427

Service Location Protocol (SLP)

68

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - the server

67

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - the client

389

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

137

NetBIOS over TCP

25

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

80

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

110

Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

53

Domain Name System (DNS)

138

Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) UDP

21

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfer control information

548

Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)

3389

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)

20

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) transfer the data

443

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

143

Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)

161

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) used by the SNMP manager to query agents

162

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) used by agents to send alerts

139

Server Message Block (SMB) NetBIOS

Processing

Final page is stored in the memory (1)

Charged

Drum is charged -600v by the Primary Corona (2)

Exposing

Laser beam writes -100 v image to drum surface (3)

Developing

Toner is applied to the surface of the drum (4)

Transferring

The transfer roller puts a positive charge on the paper to pull the toner from the drum and onto the paper - Secondary corona wire (5)

Fusing

Fuser assembly uses heat and pressure to fuse toner to paper - 400 degrees (6)

Cleaning

The drum is cleaned of residual toner and the charge (7)

Storage Attached Network (SAN)

A high-speed network for storing and sharing files

Body Area Network (BAN)

A very small network that consists of wearable or implanted devices such as a smart watch, fitness trackers, or medical implants.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

Same as LAN but uses wireless connection/radio signal.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A network that covers an area as small as a few city blocks to as large as an entire metropolitan city.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Group of LANs that are geographically isolated but are connected to form a large internetwork.

Intranet

A private network that uses internet technologies.

Extranet

A private network that uses internet technologies but its resources are made available to trusted external users.

Routers

connect multiple networks together.

Switches

connect multiple computers inside of a network together and manage traffic

\n Subnet

A portion of a network with a common network address.

Transmission media

The medium that is used to carry electrical or radio signals between connected network hosts.

Network Interfaces

Converts the digital network data into a signal that can be transmitted along the transmission medium.

FTP

Provides a generic method of transferring files, file security, and allows file transfer between dissimilar computer systems.

SSH

Allows for secure interactive control of remote systems. All communication is encrypted and is used to remotely login to a network device, such as a switch.

Telnet

Used to remotely connect to another system. All data is transmitted in cleartext

SMTP

used when sending email

HTTP

Used by web browsers and web servers to exchange web pages through the WWW and intranets.

IMAP

Email retrieval protocol designed to enable users to access their email from various locations without transferring messages or files between computers.

POP3

Downloads emails from a server to a single computer, making those emails only accessible on that specific computer

Local Area Network (LAN)

Covers a small local area such as a home, office, ot other building

SLP

Locating printers and supported by printing system such as CUPS

69

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

PostScript

Slow, not found in many platforms, print files and memory requirements are larger. Graphics are detailed and identical print.

Printer Control Language (PCL)

Fast Print Processing, Supported in many OS platforms. Not identical print copies and not supported in Macintosh.

Cable Internet

Broadband technology that uses existing TV cables lines and is always connected (always up)

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

A group of broadband technologies that covers a wide range of speeds

Fiber Optic

A dedicated point-to-point (PTP) connection - Television, internet data, and voice communication

Satellite

Provides high-speed internet connections in remote areas, however, require line-of-site wireless connectivity and latency occurs when uploading

A wireless internet service provider (WISP)

Provides wireless network coverage to a certain location using wireless broadband

Long-range fixed wireless (LRFW)

Networks are used to provide low-cost, point-to-point connections - use antennas

Wireless Access Point

Allows wireless device connections to LAN (SOHO can also be WAP)

100-Mbps Ethernet

Fast Ethernet - typically uses copper cabling rated CAT-5 or higher

1000-Mbps Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet - uses the twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cable (CAT 6)

10-gigabit ethernet

Typically uses fiber-optic cable

UTP

Least expensive and most common cable

STP

Cable uses a covering or shield around each pair of wires to protect it from EMI and cost more

Coaxial

Fiber cables

Transmit signals as pulses of light over glass or plastic strands inside protective tubing

Single-mode

cable uses a single path for light to travel through it

Multi mode

cable uses multiple paths for light

Connectors of Fiber

ST (Straight Tip), LC (Lucent Connector), SC (Subscriber Connector)

Power over Ethernet (POE)

Uses the power lines in a building to transmit data

The internet of Things (IoT)

Describes physical devices that are connected directly to the network and communicate directly to the internet - improve quality of life

Software-defined networking (SDN)

Uses software applications and programs to essentially virtualize networking

Crossover cable

Used to connect two like devices such as a hub to a hub or a PC to a PC

568B

Orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown

568A

Green/white, green, orange/white, blue, blue/white, orange, brown/white, brown

Step 1 of Troubleshooting

Identify the Problem (Gather Information)

Step 2 of Troubleshooting

Research

Step 3 of Troubleshooting

Establish a theory of probable cause

Step 4 of Troubleshooting

Test the theory

Step 5 of Troubleshooting

Establish a plan of action

Step 6 of Troubleshooting

Implement or Escalate

Step 7 of Troubleshooting

Verify functionality