ANSC 305: Breeds of Livestock and Exam one material

Grading up

Breeding a purebred males to non-purebred or crossbred females with the goal of making them registerable animals.

Transcription

When mRNA is made from the DNA sequence

Translation

When a protein/enzyme, hormone is made

based on the mRNA sequence

Genome

The entire DNA sequence

Chromosome

DNA organized into long unbroken stands

Locus (plural- loci)

The physical location of a gene of a chromosome

Horses have __ pairs of chromosomes

32 pairs

2n =64

Cattle have __ pairs of chromosomes

30 pairs

2n=60

True or false: Most production traits of economic importance in livestock are quantitatively inherited

True

Phenotype

Realization or observed value of a trait of characteristic of an animal; after removal of systematic environmental effects

Genetic + Environment + Genetic-environment interaction

Genetic=

Additive + Dominance + Epistatic

Mean

Average trait value in population

Variance

How much animals differ from each other in the trait

Without this there will be NO genetic progression

Regression

Predicts offspring performance based of parents measurements

Ex: With chance in weight what is the chance in weaning weight

Correlation

Strength/direction of linear association

Ex: Growth rate and feed efficiency

Covariance

Joint variability

Probability

Parameter space is 0-1

• Putting a number on belief

Standard deviation

Square root of the variance (variability) for a collection of records

Standard Error

Square root of the variance (variability) of an estimate of something.

The implication is that although some true value is out there, we estimate it imperfectly unless we have all records from the animals.

____ performance is generally better than purebred performance (not inbred)

Crossbred

Purebred not inbred performance (inbred) is generally better than purebreds that are ____

Inbred

True or false: Animals tend to resemble their parents and other close relatives

True

DNA are considered

• beads on a string composed of arranged nucleotides

Purines

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine

Full siblings have an average of 50% of their DNA in common in theory, but in practice it varies from?

20 to 70%

Reference genome

Used to compare sequences of nucleotides provides the functional and genomic contexts for regions influenced by selection.

Reference genome for cattle

Hereford

Reference genome for pigs

Duroc

Reference genome for Horses

Thoroughbred

Reference genome for sheep

Rambouillet

Reference genome for goats

San Clemente

Single nucelotide polymorphisms (SNP)

Occur when a single nucleotide is replaced with another

1 SNP for every ___ nucleotides on average

100

Quantitative trait

Only a few genes contribute more than 1% of their genetic variation observed

Autosomal recessive

X- lined recessive

Autosomal dominant

Maternal/mitochondrial

Solid line in arrow diagrams

indicates paternal relationship

Dashed line indicates

Maternal relationship

Additive relationship covariance

Measures the fraction of identical alleles shared by two individuals (on both sets of chromosomes) that were inherited from common ancestors when averaged across all possible segregation outcomes

Parameter space for additive relationship covariance

0-2

(2 is bc of inbreeding)

Sharing of alleles leads to sharing of

Phenotype

Additive relationship covariance of parent and progeny is always

1/2!

Additive covariance between half siblings in absences of other relatedness is

¼ on average

Additive covariance between full siblings in the absence of other relatedness is

1/2

SNP Array

Used to improve accuracy of breeding values (EPD) especially for young males with minimal progeny information

SNP array (Chip) is typically used for

Large scale production or breed associations

SNP arrays for GGP indicus

50k SNPs

Based on Nellore, can be used for primarily Bos indicus breeds

Inbreeding

Mating of related animals

Inbreeding increases __________ throughout the genome

Homozygosity

True or false: Parent offspring mating will generate the highest inbreeding coefficients in animals but not in plants

True

Wrights relationship coefficient

The expected fraction of the DNA that two animals have in common due to common and or direct ancestry

Denominator of the correlation coefficient

The numerator of the relationship represents the additive covariance to two individuals. The denominator standardizes the additive covariance (0 to 2) in the numerator and makes the parameter space (0 to 1)

diploid number for cattle

60

diploid number for cattle

60

Diploid number for Goats

60

Diploid number for horses

64

Diploid number for sheep

54

Diploid number for pigs

38

Composite breed

A breed combining two or more different breeds. Composite breeds are designed to combine desirable traits from multiple breeds, such as growth, fertility, disease resistance, or environmental adaptability.

Estimate standard error

An interval that contains the true amount of DNA shared due to common and or direct ancestry.

1 SE- 0.68

2 SE- 0.95

3 SE- 0.99

Parent to offspring standard error of the relationship coefficient

Inbreeding in dairy: Genetic defects

Lethal recessive and effects on quality and quantities of milk

Genomic test can help manage inbreeding With

• parentage verification and genomic inbreeding calculations

Effects of inbreeding on genetic similarities and differences between animals

1) Unrelated inbred animals tend to be more genetically different than unrelated non inbred animals

2) Related inbred animals will have genetic similarities; however, they will have genetic differences due to inbreeding

3) Offspring and Declan dates of inbred animals tend to be more genetically similar than offspring/ descendants of non inbred animals

Horned

Animal possesses horns (attached to the skull)

Polled

Animals in naturally hornless (born without horns)

Scurred

Irregular horn like coverings, smaller than full horns

Knobs

Cone shaped protrusions from the skull. Often hidden by wool

Up ears

Ears that point upward

Down ears

Ears that hang or point downward

Bos Taurus Breeds

• Europe

• Temperate climates

• Low heat tolerance

• Earlier puberty

• Higher meat quality

• No prominent hump

Bos Indicus breeds

• India

• Tropical climates

• High heat tolerance Earlier

• Later puberty

• More moderate meat quality

• Prominent hump

Paternal

Sire/father traits

• larger

• Fast growth

• Good carcass

• Good marbling/carcass yield

• Feed efficient

• Heavy muscling

Maternal

Mother traits

• Moderate size

• Good fertility

• Prolific- produces lots of offspring

• Good milk production

• Adaptable

• Low maintenance

Angus

• Bos Taurus, British breeds

• Origin- Scotland 

  • Color- Black

  • Horn status - Polled

  • Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)- 

  • Industry standard for marbling

  • Excellent udder soundness

  • Frequently used for grading up

  • Paternal

Red Angus

Bos taurus, British breeds

Origin- Scotland

• Color- Red

• Horn status- Polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Similar to Angus

• Generally more moderate size than Angus

Hereford

Bos Taurus, British breeds

Origin- England

• Color- Red with whiteface/Hereford pattern (white on the face, underline, feet, and switch)

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Hardy and adaptable

• Good early maturity/fattening

• Decent meat quality

• More prone to cancer eye because of white face

• Paternal

Shorthorn

Bos Taurus, British breeds

• Origin- England 

• Color- Red, red roan, white 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Good marbling

• Less muscular than other British breeds

• Quiet disposition

• First breed association in America — 1870

South Devon

Bos Taurus, British breed

Origin- England 

• Color- traditionally red; can also be black through grading up 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Largest British breed

• Excellent beef traits and maternal traits

• Adaptable

Charolais

Bos Taurus

Continental European beef breeds

Origin- France

• Color- White, straw, or red 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Heavy muscling

• Red only eligible for registration in the redfactor herd book NOT purebred herdbook

• Only white/straw accepted for purebred registration

Simmental

Bos taurus, continental European beed breeds

Origin- Switzerland

• Color- Traditionally red or straw with a bald face and spotting or completely red; black or black with varying amounts of white (Can be black because of grading up.)

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Heavy muscling

• Rapid growth

• Good feed efficiency & milk production

Gelbvieh

Bos Taurus, continental European beed breeds

Origin- Germany 

• Color- Red; can also be black 

• Horn status- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Heavy muscling

• Excellent mothering instincts

Limousin

Bos Taurus, continental European beef breeds

Origin- France

• Color- Traditionally red; black (Can be black because of grading up.)

• Horn status - Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Heaviest muscled continental breed

• High carcass yield

• Good growth rate

Chianina

Bos Taurus, continental European beef breed

Origin- Italy 

• Color- Gray with black pigmentation 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Largest frame continental breed

• Tallest cattle breed

• Heavy muscling

• Low marbling

Braunviech “Brown Swiss”

Bos Taurus, Continental European beef breeds

Switzerland 

• Color- Various shades of brown 

• Horned or polled?- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Dual purpose: milk + meat

  • Good feet

  • High butterfat milk

Maine- Anjou

Bos Taurus, continental European beef breeds

• Origin- France 

• Color- Originally red/red-white; can be black

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Good feed efficiency

• Good carcass traits

Tarentaise

Bos Taurus, continental European beef breeds

Origin- France 

• Color- Red with darker pigmentation around eyes; can be black 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Excellent muscling in hip region

• Long from hooks to pins

• Adapted to mountainous environments

Salers

Bos Taurus, continental European beef breeds

Origin- France 

• Color- Dark red; can be black 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• One of the oldest/genetically pure European breeds

• Hardy

Nellore

Bos indicus, Beef breed

Origin- India 

• Color- Gray with black pigmentation 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Hardy

• Heat  & Insect resistant

• Good udders

• Very few in U.S.

Brahman

Bos indicus, beef breeds

Origin- U.S. origin from cattle that originated in India

• Color- Red or gray

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Heavy muscling

• Excellent heat & insect resistance

• Very important in Southern U.S.

Boran

Bos indicus, beef breeds

• Origin- Ethiopia 

• Color- Red or gray with dark pigmentation 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Good milk production

• Highly fertile

• Earlier maturity

• Docile

Brangus

Composite breed

5/8 angus + 3/8 Bos indicus

Origin- U.S.

• Color- Black 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Good mothers

• Hardy

• Combines:

  • Angus → meat quality

  • Bos indicus → heat tolerance

Beefmaster

Composite breed

½ Brahman + ¼ Hereford + ¼ shorthorn

• Origin- U.S.

• Color- Various colors

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Hardy

• Typically selected for the Six Essentials:

  • Weight

  • Conformation

  • Milking ability

  • Fertility

  • Hardiness

  • Disposition

Santa Gertrudis

Composite breed

3/8 Brahman & 5/8 shorthorn

Origin- U.S. (Kingsville, TX)

• Color- Deep Red

• Horn status : Horned or polled

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Heat resistant

• Tick resistant

• Good milk production

• Strong mothering

Simbrah

Composite breed

Origin- U.S. (Gulf coast)

• Color- Many colors 

• Horn status- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Good heat tolerance

• Good maternal traits

• "All-purpose American breed“

Brahford

3/8 Brahman + 5/8 Hereford

Origin- U.S.

• Color- Brindle, red, chocolate, etc 

• Horn status- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Excellent maternal traits

• Good calving ease

• Good milk

• Strong mothering

• Long productive life

Droughtmaster

Composite breed

½ shorthorn + ½ Brahman

• Origin- Australia 

• Color- Red 

• Horn status (horned, polled, etc.)- Horned or polled 

• Important fact(s)/key characteristic(s)-

• Lean carcasses

• Heat/drought adapted