UCSP NO. 2 VERSION 1

Evolution

Is the process of by which populations of organisms change over generations

Charles Darwin

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

• Homo Habilis

• Homo Erectus

• Homo Heidelbergensis

• Homo Sapiens

Stages of Evolution

Homo Habilis

Lived roughly 2.4 to 1.5 million years ago

- The very first human ancestors to use stone tools.

Oldowan Stone

Homo Habilis stone tools is called (Teaddrop)

Homo Erectus

• Emerged roughly 1.9 million years ago and survived until about 110,00 years ago

• Improvised stone tools

• Discovered how to use fire

Acheulean tool

Homo Erectus Improvised stone tools called

Bipedal

Homo Erectus are walking with both feet meaning they are?

Homo Heidelbergensis

• Lived roughly 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in Europe and Africa

• Longest time on Earth

Schoningen Spears

Homo Heidelbergensis used ______________ to hunt animals

Terra Amata

Homo Heidelbergensis Built freestanding shelters called “___________”

Homo Sapiens

• Evolved 300,000 years ago in Africa

• Produced own food and changed the surrounding

• Invented cumulative culture and symbolic art

1. Sumerian Civilization

2. Egyptian Civilization

3. Indus Valley Civilization

4. Shang Dynasty

Political Evolution and the Development of Early Civilization

Political Evolution

Is the long-term process by which human societies transition from basic, kinship-based groups intro complex structures governance systems

Sumerian Civilization

was not a single unified empire, but a collection of highly competitive independent city-states

city-states

Sumerian Civilization

• was not a single unified empire, but a collection of highly competitive independent __________

• religious oligarchy

• autocracy

• military king

Sumerian Civilization

• Governance evolved from a ____________ into _________ruled by a __________

• Ensi

• Lugal

Sumerian Civilization

• high priest is called?

• Military is called?

Egyptian Civilization

Avoided the chronic warfare of Sumer and achieved an unparalleled level of political stability and centralization

Pharaoh

Egyptian Civilization

• Ruled under the single absolute monarch called ________

Indus Valley Civilization

• Remains one of history’s greatest mysteries

• There are no palaces, massive royal tombs, or obvious depiction of standing armies or kings

• Couldn’t transcribe the writing

• The buildings are straight, it reflected that the society is peaceful

Shang Dynasty

was a patrilineal feudal network

Patrilineal

tracing family descent, inheritance, and kinship exclusively through the male line

Oracle Bones

The king acted as the high priest, using ________ to communicate with the supreme deity

John Locke

“A human mind at birth is nothing but a blank slate or a tabula rosa”

Socialization

Is the lifelong process by which individual learn and internalize the values, beliefs, norms, customs, language, and behaviors that are necessary to become functioning members of society

• Family

• School

• Peers

• Media

• Religion

Agents of Socialization

• Enculturation

• Acculturation

Process of Socialization

Enculturation

• Process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate in that culture

• You’re leaning the culture of your own

Acculturation

you learn the culture of other people

Identity

• The qualities, behavior, values, beliefs, personality, looks, and/or expressions that make a person

• It is flexible and therefore can change according to situations and circumstances

• Environment

• Context

• Expectations

Factors that contribute to change:

1. Identity Theory

2. Social Identity Theory

3. Personal Identity Theory

Identity Formation: Three Major Perspectives

Identity Theory

Whoever you are dictates who you are in the society

• Person’s behavior = social roles and relationships

Sheldon Styker

Identity Theory is developed by?

Social Identity Theory

Your identity depends on the society, group, or community

Heri Tajfel and John Turner

Social Identity Theory is developed by?

Personal Identity Theory

Encompasses how individuals contract a stable sense of “who they are”

Sense of Self

• Is how you see, understand, and identify yourself as a person

• Kung paano mo nakikita ang sarili mo (kung sa tingin mo ay mabait ka, go lang.)

• Internal

• External

Factors Affecting Sense of Self

Internal

Factors Affecting Sense of Self

• Natural abilities

• Personality

• Personal beliefs and values

External

Factors Affecting Sense of Self

• From other people, groups, and the environment

• Someone perspective for you

Status

Refers to a social position that a person holds

• Ascribed

• Achieved

Status:

Ascribed

A social position that a person receives at birth or is assigned later in life without personal choice, effort, or achievement

Achieved

A person earns or acquires through their own efforts, abilities, choices, or achievements

Role

Refers to the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

Role Set

Refers to a number of roles attached to a sing status

Role Strain

The stress or difficulty a person experiences in fulfilling the multiple expectations

Conformity

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to correspond with a group criterion

• is like a tool → it can cause harm or safety

Deviance

goes against the accepted norms

• A behavior, trait, belief, or other attributes that defies or violates a norm and triggers an undesirable outcome

Robert K. Merton

Strain Theory developed by?

• Goals

• Means

Strain theory:

Goals

What society tells us to a achieve

Means

The socially accepted or legal ways of achieving these goals

1. Innovation

2. Ritualism

3. Retreatism

4. Rebellion

Forms of Deviance:

Innovation

Acceptance of goals but not as means of reaching them

Ritualism

Abandon the goals but maintain expected behaviors

Retreatism

Rejects both goals and means of reaching them

Rebellion

Seeks to substitute new goals and means for existing goals and means

Human Dignity

The idea that a person has an innate (natural or inborn) right to be respected, valued, and treated well

1. Humiliation

2. Degradation

3. Dehumanization

4. Objectification

Violations of Human Dignity

Humiliation

Is the act of making someone feel ashamed, embarrassed or worthless, especially in front of other people

Degradation

Is the act of treating a person in a way that diminishes their dignity, worth, or self-respect

Dehumanization

Is the act of treating or viewing a person or group of people as if they are less than human, without dignity, feelings, or basic rights

Objectification

Is the act of treating a person as an object or a thing rather than as a human being with thoughts and rights. You only use them to benefit from them, human if needed, object if not. As a tool

Marina Abramovic’s Rhythm 0

Dehumanization Example:

Human Rights

The basic freedoms, protections, and entitlements that every person deserves simply because they are human

1. Natural Rights

2. Statutory Rights

3. Constitutional Rights

Classes of Human Rights

1. Civil Rights

2. Social and Economic

3. Political Rights

4. Rights of the Accused

Types of Constitutional Rights

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to man and given to him by God as human behavior

Statutory Rights

Are rights that are granted, recognized, and protected by laws created by a government or legislative body

Constitutional Rights

Rights and freedoms that are guaranteed and protected by a country’ Constitution

Civil Rights

Rights enjoyed by an individual by virtue of his citizenship in a state or community

Social and Economic

Rights that ensure individuals have access to the basic necessities, opportunities, and conditions needed for a decent and dignified life

Political Rights

Rights that allow individual to participate in the political life and decision-making process of their country

Rights of the Accused

Legal protections given to a person who ha been charged with a crime to ensure a fair and just process

Common Good

Refers to the conditions and values that allow all members of society to live, develop, and achieve their well-being together

Social Group

Two or more people who identify with and engage with each other

• Common Motives and Goals

• Accepted Division of Labor

• Accepted Status

• Accepted Norms and Values

• Develop of Sanctions

Five Essential Elements of Social Group

• Muzafer Sherif

Five Essential Elements of Social Group According to?

• Primary Group

• Secondary Group

• In-Group

• Out-Group

• Reference Group

• Social Network

Types of Groups

Primary Group

Small social group whose members have close, personal, and long-lasting relationships characterized by emotional attachment, trust, and mutual support.

Secondary Group

Larger and more formal social group whose members interact mainly to achieve a specific goal or accomplish a particular task.

In-Group

A social group to which an individual belongs and with which they identify, creating a sense of belonging, loyalty, and shared identity

Out-Group

A social group to which an individual does not belong or identify, and it often perceived as separate from one’s own group

Reference Group

A social group that serves as standard or point of comparison for an individual’s attitudes, values, behaviors, or aspirations. Tinitingala mo sila.

Social Network

A web of social relationships and connections among individuals or groups through which information, support, resources, and influence are exchange. Helps us with connections