Related Issue 2 Chapter 5-10

Mercantilism

The old economic system of the British Empire. Monopolies were granted such as the Hudson’s Bay Company in Canada. Problem was….The wealth of the empire was the hands of the King and his wealthy Nobles and friends. Money did not reach the majority of workers. Belief in the benefits of profitable trading

Adam Smith

Birth of classical liberalism and came up with the theory of The invisible hand. Allowing citizens to own property will make them work hard for their own needs, as opposed working for the monarchy. As people work for themselves not only individuals profit but also the society. Competition as well as Supply and Demand will keep prices down, consumers happy as well as workers should not be exploited

“Laissez faire”

Hands Off also known as Capitalism, Market Economy, Free Enterprise

The role of government

To protect private property and keep law and order. No government involvement in economy. Competition and Supply and Demand will run the economy. Competition between companies will keep prices down and quality up.

Industrial Revolution

This occurred in Great Britain from 1750 – 1900 and Classical Liberalism was essential to this. There was an explosion of inventions and new ideas that made poor men suddenly wealthy. The farms needed less workers because of technology and the peasants were forced off the lands by The Enclosures Act.The Industrialist factory owner’s took advantage of this and workers were treaty horribly. Poor working conditions, low pay, dangerous, child labor, pollution, long hours, poor ventilation, no jobs.

Classical Liberalism Fails In Britain

The government introduces laws that protect workers. The Factory Acts in and the formation of Unions. Once these laws were in place the government became involved in the economy and Classical liberalism is over.

Union

Allows workers to join together for better wages and working conditions.

John Stuart Mills

Another philosopher of Classical Liberalism who believed that if an individual’s actions are not harming others, they should be free to do whatever they want.

Liberal Democracy

A Democracy in which power is with the people and is shared (Canada)

Modern Liberalism

Social programs and higher taxes are in modern liberalism. Modern government.

Welfare State

Many generous social programs (Greece)

Positives: No poverty, and all needs are met, and less difference between rich and poor

Negatives: Taxes are extremely high, some individuals become lazy and dependent on government.

Feminism

An ideology based on equal rights for women.

Human Rights

Rights that humans should have at birth. The right to freedom and the pursuit of happiness

Socialism

Left of the political spectrum. Generous social programs high taxes. (Sweden)

Robert Owen

A Utopian Socialists which means worker work better when they are treated fairly.

Karl Marx

Invented Communism in response to the failure of Classical liberalism. Marx saw how workers were exploited in London during the Industrial Revolution. Where there were more workers than factory owners may lead to the owners getting cut off. Marx disagree with Adam Smith. He believed in Dictatorship, as well as equality for all. Wrote a book called The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital.

Communism

All political and economic decisions are made by the government, All citizens basic needs are to be met. Freedom will be taken away from the individual.

Equality

Everything is shared equally

Public Ownership

Individuals can’t own private property or businesses. The government owns all.

Dictatorship by Proletariat

The workers are now in charge of country not the king and business community.

Indoctrination/Propaganda

The government censors and distorts the truth in order to control the people. Soviet Union Had low sophisticated propaganda. Statues, Posters, Parades.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks of Russia form the Red Army and through Revolution became the Ruling Communist Party. Lenin is the first leader of Communist Russia. This revolution by professionals is knows as Leninism. Leninism is his version of Karl Marx’s theory of Communism. That leaders do start communism.

Stalin

Took over after Lenin’s death. Man of steal

Absolute Power (Stalin)

Ruthless dictator that killed anyone in his way

Fear and Terror (Stalin)

Used his secret police (KGB) to enforce his will on the people

Gulags (Stalin)

His prisons in northern Russia (Siberia). No opposition allowed.

Purges (Stalin)

Stalin killed any rival or threat including the entire Army officers.

5 year Plans

Rapid Industrialization to modernize and fight Germany

Results: Massive industrialization and death to workers, and the Ukrainian Famine, also known as Holodomor

Nikita Khrushchev

Next leader of Soviet Union. Cuban Missile Crisis

Mikael Gorbachev

Last leader of Soviet Union and had to deal with failing economy that was Stagnant meaning the economy is not growing or progressing.

Glasnost

Political reform Gorbachev gave more freedom. Means “openness”

Perestroika

Gave more of a mixed economy.

Fascism

An ideology based on extreme inequality and ultranationalism

Nationalism

Building Up the German nation and people. Making them proud by rejecting the Treaty of Versailles

Elitism

The country should be ran by a few great men (Hitler)

Racism/Aryan

The chosen white Germans. Racists against Jews and all non Aryans

Imperialism

Expand German Borders

Militarism

Build Massive Armies

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the German Nazis Party. Used his ability to speak (Charisma) to win an election (democracy) in Germany after WW1. Liberalism failed Germany. Once he became the leader, Hitler eliminated his opposition and turned Germany into a one-party totalitarian dictatorship.

Nazis

Germanys Fascist government

Mien Kempf

Hitler’s book outlining his plans for Germany

Treaty of VErsailles

WW1 peace treaty, make Germany pay.

Scapegoats

Blaming others for your problems. Hitler blamed the Weimer Republic (old government), The Treaty of Versailles, and Jews

Propaganda

Sophisticated use of movies, school system, and media to influence the German people.

Social Darwinism

Only one race of people can survive. Hitler believed it to be Germany.

Hitler Rejects

All freedoms under Liberalism such as freedom of speech, press, joining other political parties, and used Secret Police (Gestapo) to rule Germany.

Hitler Embrace

Liberalism with private property ownership and competition

Cold War

A war of competition between superpowers USSR/USA

Expansionism

Expand your global influence

Sphere of Influence

An Area where a superpower has a strong regional influence

USA Sphere

Western Europe and North America

Soviet Sphere

Eastern Europe

Yalta Conference

Germany was divided into four sections. Britain, France, USA ( form West Germany) while Soviet Union section is East Germany (Communists)

(American Foreign Policy) Containment

The United States #1 Foreign Policy goal is to stop (contain) the spread of communism

(American Foreign Policy) Truman Doctrine

President Truman had a plan to use alliances and economic aid to stop Communism rather than fight a “hot war” against USSR. Would also give military aid and support in fighting Communism.

Marshall Plan (AFP)

The economic aid package to European countries to help rebuild after the war and resist another dictatorship

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Oraganization

This is a group of democracies in Europe and North America hat are in a military alliance. If you attack one member of NATO, you attack all of NATO. It is led by the USA and was formed to counter the WARSAW PACT. The military alliances of Communist countries.

Warsaw Pact

A group of communist countries led by the Soviet Union to rival NATO and the USA

Deterrence

A weapon so powerful you wont attack our country (Nuclear Weapons)

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction no country can win a nuclear war. WE ALL DIE SO YOU CANT FIGHT

Balance of Power

If both sides are equal in strength and capability no country will attack

Cuban Missile Crisis

When Soviets (Nikita Khrushchev) wanted to install missiles into Cuba to maintain the Balance of Power the Americans (John F Kennedy) responded.

Brinkmanship

The policy of using the threat of going to war to prevent a war. Used by President Kennedy to prevent missile plantation in Cuba.

Space Race

USA and USSR were competing in space domination

Sputnik

First satellite into space by USSR. Forced the USA to land on the moon.

Proxy War

when superpowers aid other nations fighting one another. Example Korean War, Vietnam War, Afghanistan The policy of containment was a success in Korea, but failed in Vietnam.

Prestige Race

When the superpowers tried to look better then the other superpower. EX. Win the Olympics

Espionage

Secretive things our government do. EX. spying

Détente

A period of cooling off tension between superpowers

SALT I and II

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks…. reducing the amount of nuclear weapons between the superpowers.

NORAD

North American Air defense System (Radar)

Liberation Movements

When countries under the control of the Soviet Union try to break away from them….Hungarian Revolution 1956 (was crushed by USSR) Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia 1968 (Crushed by Soviets) Poland 1980 (the Soviets gave Poland some limited freedoms). Berlin 1989 Protestors started to take down the Berlin wall (no Soviet Response). The Soviet Unioncollapses and ends the Cold War

Assimilation

When one culture swallows up another culture. Ex. First Nations in Canada

Aboriginal Rights

special privileges through the Treaty process. Hunting and Land Rights

Indian Act 1876

Government act which paved the way for assimilation

Aboriginal Self-Government

Territory Nunavut allows for a separate Native government over the

northern lands. It allows for Aboriginals to have more control of the land

Civil Disobedience

(Oka) breaking the law in order to make a stand against injustice. Native Oka Warriors used violence and road blocks to stop a golf course from being legally built on sacred lands. The protest became a violent and the Canadian military was called in. Eventually diplomacy took place and the two sides came to a peaceful solution. The land for the golf course was bought back by the Canadian Government from the developer and given over to the native protesters. The Aboriginals won this battle.