Biology Unit Reviews

Flashcards for vocabulary review of key biology concepts covered in Units 1-7.

Polar Covalent Bonds

Allows us to form Hydrogen bonds.

Adhesion and Cohesion

Properties of water due to hydrogen bonds.

SPONCH

Key elements of life: Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen.

Dehydration Synthesis

Monomers join to make polymers.

Hydrolysis

Polymers break down to monomers.

Enzymes

Speeds up catalyst 10x faster or more.

Disaccharides

Examples include: Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose.

Polysaccharides

Example: Starch (amylose).

Phospholipids

Have regions that are non-polar and polar; most lipids are non-polar.

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids which have directionality from 3' to 5'.

DNA

Codes for protein and is responsible for heredity.

Peptide Bonds

Connect amino acids to form proteins; new amino acids are added to the carboxyl end.

Ribosome

Most important organelle; small subunit connects anticodons.

Mitochondria

Organelle with a highly folded membrane to increase surface area.

SA/V Ratio

Higher SA/V ratio is good; affects the rate of diffusion and exchange.

Plasma Membrane

Composed of phospholipids and embedded proteins in a fluid mosaic model; selectively permeable.

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (no energy required).

Active Transport

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration (energy required).

Aquaporins

Channels that facilitate diffusion of water.

Tonicity

Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Hypotonic

Plants prefer hypotonic solutions.

Isotonic

Animals prefer isotonic solutions.

Enzyme Active Site

Must match substrates; enzymes are reaction-specific.

Enzyme Catalysis

Lowers activation energy of a reaction, making it more likely to occur.

Denaturation

Process where enzymes lose their structure and function; irreversible.

Competitive Inhibitors

Reduce enzyme activity by binding to the active site.

Non-Competitive Inhibitors

Inhibitors that do not bind to the active site.

Allosteric Inhibition

Can reduce or stimulate enzyme activity by affecting the active site.

ATP

Main source of cellular energy.

Metabolic Pathways

Groups of enzymes working together to carry out a function.

Calvin Cycle

Uses ATP, NADPH, and CO₂.

Cellular Respiration

All living things use fermentation and cellular respiration to produce ATP.

Signal Transduction

Three phases: reception, transduction, and response.

Growth Factor

Stimulates mitosis.

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback

Purines/Pyrimidines

Base pairing in DNA/RNA.

Plasmids

Found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Semi-Conservative Replication

Method of DNA replication.

Meiosis

Cell division that results in diploid (2N) v. Haploid (N) cells.

Crossing Over

Occurs in Metaphase I of meiosis.

Mendel's Laws

Segregation (Meiosis), Dominance, Independent Assortment.

Gene Linkage

Violates independent assortment.

Non-Nuclear Inheritance

Natural Selection

Selects individuals with the most advantageous traits.

Artificial Selection

Humans select traits.

Mutation

Random and results in genetic variation.

Genetic Drift

Non-Adaptive change in allele frequencies.

Hardy-Weinberg

Defines non-evolving state; no change in allele frequency.

Morphological Homologies

Shared common ancestry.

Conserved Core Processes

Glycolysis, Mitosis, Genetic Code, Electron Transport Chain (ATP).