Bio test all Worms, Sponges, Cnidarians

Porifera

Phylum of pore-bearing animals, sponges.

Ectoderm

Outer layer of sponge tissue.

Endoderm

Inner layer of sponge tissue.

Mesenchyme

Jelly-like substance between sponge layers.

Amebocytes

Undifferentiated cells in sponges, can transform.

Incurrent pores

Openings for water entry in sponges.

Osculum

Single opening for water exit in sponges.

Sessile

Organisms that cannot move, attached permanently.

Spicules

Bone-like structures maintaining sponge shape.

Calcarea

First phylum; spicules made of calcium carbonate.

Silicea

Second phylum; spicules made of silica.

Demospongiae

Type of sponge, often lacks spicules.

Suspension feeders

Organisms filtering food from water.

Spongocoel

Central cavity in sponges for water flow.

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without gametes, includes budding.

Gemmules

Resistant cells produced by sponges.

Hermaphrodites

Organisms producing both eggs and sperm.

Cnidarians

Phylum including jellyfish, corals, and anemones.

Nematocysts

Stinging cells in Cnidarians for defense.

Polyp

Cnidarian form with upward-facing mouth.

Medusa

Cnidarian form with downward-facing mouth.

Tentacles

Used by Cnidarians for feeding and defense.

Nerve network

Basic nervous system in Cnidarians.

True tissues

Cnidarians possess organized tissue structures.

Ascon

3 rayed spicule

Sycon

1 rayed spicule

Leucon

4 rayed spicule

Mollusca

Phylum including squids, oysters, snails, and octopus.

Bilateral symmetry

Body plan with symmetrical left and right halves.

Radula

Toothed tongue used for feeding in mollusks.

Muscular foot

Organ for movement, modified in cephalopods.

Trochophore larvae

Larval stage common to all mollusks.

Gastropoda

Class of mollusks with a single shell.

Univalve

Mollusk with one shell, like snails.

Pelecypoda

Class also known as Bivalvia, hatchet-shaped foot.

Bivalvia

Mollusks with two shells, like clams and oysters.

Cephalopoda

Class of active predators with tentacles.

Umbo

Oldest part of a clam shell.

Concentric lines

Age lines indicating growth in clam shells.

Mantle

Membrane covering the visceral hump of clams.

Visceral hump

Area housing digestive and excretory organs.

Incurrent siphon

Opening for water intake in mollusks.

Excurrent siphon

Opening for water exit from mollusks.

Mucus feeders

Filter feeders using gill secretions to trap food.

Pearl formation

Process where oysters secrete layers around irritants.

Nacre

Calcium carbonate and protein secreted by the mantle.

Pearl

Irritation-induced secretion forming in bivalves.

Annelida

Third phylum of segmented worms, includes earthworms.

Oligochaeta

Class of annelids, includes earthworms and leeches.

Bilateral symmetry

Body plan with symmetrical left and right sides.

Somites

Segments of the earthworm, typically 100-175 long.

Triploblastic

Organism with three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

Prostomium

Upper lip covering the mouth of the earthworm.

Clitellum

Reproductive structure located in segments 31-37.

Setae

Hair-like structures aiding in earthworm movement.

Organ system level

Level of organization in earthworms, involving complex organs.

Tube within a tube

Digestive system structure, with an inner and outer tube.

Gizzard

Organ that grinds food in the digestive tract.

Coelom

Body cavity between the body wall and digestive tube.

Closed circulatory system

Blood contained within vessels, typical of earthworms.

Aortic arches

Five heart-like structures in segments 7-11 of earthworms.

Nephridia

Excretory organs, functioning as kidneys, two per segment.

Seminal receptacle

Structure that receives sperm during earthworm copulation.

Platyhelminthes

Phylum containing flatworms, including three classes.

Turbellarian

Class of free-living flatworms, e.g., Planaria.

Planaria

Example of Turbellarian, exhibits cephalization.

Cephalization

Development of a head region in organisms.

Bilateral symmetry

Body plan with symmetrical left and right sides.

Hermaphrodites

Organisms possessing both male and female reproductive organs.

Cross-fertilization

Sexual reproduction involving two different individuals.

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction without the involvement of gametes.

Mesoderm

Middle layer of cells in triploblastic organisms.

Trematoda

Class of parasitic flatworms, known as flukes.

Chinese Liver Fluke

Example of a Trematode that infects the liver.

Cestoda

Class of parasitic flatworms, known as tapeworms.

Scolex

Head of a tapeworm with hooks for attachment.

Nematoda

Phylum of roundworms, including hookworm and filaria.

Filaria

Worm causing elephantiasis, transmitted by mosquitoes.

Trichinosis

Disease caused by consuming undercooked infected meat.

Annelida

Phylum of segmented worms, including earthworms.

Oligochaeta

Class of Annelida, includes earthworms and leeches.

Symptoms of Tapeworms

Nausea, weakness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue.

Longest Tapeworm

Recorded length of 30 feet in humans.

Characteristics of Planaria

1. Free-living

2. Non-parasitic

3. Bilateral in shape

4. Exhibits cephalization: has a head

5. moves away from light ( crossed eye spots)

6. Has a brain

7. Has definite organs

8. Has a digestive system ( its mouth is its' anus)

9. They are hermaphrodites

10. They can reproduce sexually by cross-fertilization

11. They can reproduce asexually ( by cutting it in half)

Triploblastic

they have 3 layers of cells...the middle layer is known as the mesoderm