9th 2nd Semester Final (Updated)

Frederick II

Began the Hohenstaufen dynasty

Patrick

Medieval missionary that took the gospel to Ireland

Clovis

United the Franks

Merovingian House

Became known as the "do-nothing" kings

Charlemagne

Greatest Carolingian King; laid the foundation for France, Germany and Italy

Charles Martel

Nicknamed "the Hammer"

Henry the Fowler

First king of the Saxon line of German kings; favorite pastime: hunting with hawks

King William

The "Conqueror"; established a new line of kings with the Battle of Hastings

Pepin the Short

Started the Carolingian line of kings

Gregory I

Called "the Great", expanded the power and authority of the church

Leo I

Enhanced the prestige of the church

Hugh Capet

Duke who founded the Capetian House

Alfred the Great

Began the Anglo-Saxon line of kings

Otto I

Founder of the Holy Roman Empire

Frederick Barbarossa

Death marked the decline of the HRE

Fiefs

Land grants

Investiture

Symbolic act by which the lord gave to the vassal the right to use the fief

Purgatory

A place of temporary punishment where a soul must go before heaven to atone for unconfessed sins

Peasants

The minority of the serfs living on the manor

Castle

Built primarily for defensive purposes; center of life for the feudal nobility

Squire

Personal servant of the knight

Catholic

Means "universal; encompassing all"

Excommunication

To punish an individual by depriving him of the sacraments and excluding him from the fellowship of the church

Chivalry

The strict ethical and moral code that a knight was to live by

Manor

Place in feudalism that became largely self-sufficient due to the decline in trade

Thomas Aquinas

"The Prince of the Schoolmen;" believed Aristotle's philosophy can be used to gain insight

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet who wrote The Divine Comedy

Boniface VIII

Humiliated by Philip IV; his showed the beginning of the decline of the papacy

Joan of Arc

A simple peasant girl whose example stirred the French army to achieve victory over the English

Roger Bacon

Advocated observation and experimentation

Henry II

Began the Plantagenet line of kings

Henry VII

Defeated Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth Field and founded the powerful Tudor dynasty

Louis IX

Ideal medieval king

Philip IV

King who taxed the clergy

Innocent III

Helped papal power and prestige reach its zenith

Edward I

English king who established Parliament

Edward III

English king who claimed to be the rightful heir to the French throne

Maximilian I

Enlarged the Hapsburg possessions through marriage

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet who wrote The Canterbury Tales

Peter Abelard

Scholastic thinker who believed the frequent asking of questions is the "first key to wisdom."Donatello The leading sculptor of the early Renaissance; created a less famous David sculpture

Raphael

Son of a painter; The School of Athens

Miguel de Cervantes

Author of Don Quixote

Sandro Botticelli

Added movement to his paintings of classic Greek mythology

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier, one of the most famous books on etiquette during the Renaissance

Michelangelo

Sculpted Pieta and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Leonardo da Vinci

A true Renaissance man; painted the Mona Lisa

Lorenzo Ghiberti

Designed and built a set of bronze doors over a two-decade period for the baptistery of Florence

Hans Holbein

Finest portrait painter of the Northern Renaissance; official court painter of Henry VIII

Filippo Brunelleschi

After losing the competition of the doors, he would create many beautiful domes around Florence

Albrecht Durer

Known as the "Leonardo of the North;" most famous work is "Praying Hands"

William Shakespeare

Greatest playwright of all time; Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and King Lear

Giotto di Bondone

Most famous painter of the early Italian Renaissance; "Father of Renaissance painting"

Martin Luther

Leading reformer who would nail the Ninety-Five Theses to a door in Wittenberg

Sola scriptura

Latin for "only Scripture;" new idea that placed the Bible as the authority

Ninety-Five Theses

A symbol of defiance against the Catholic church; consisted of 95 problems with the institution

Anabaptists

Means to "baptize again"

Johann Tetzel

A Dominican friar that drew much attention for selling indulgences near Luther's parish

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer in Zurich; his followers were Anabaptists

John Huss

Bohemian reformer who was burned at the stake

Leo X

Pope who pushed for the selling of indulgences

John Knox

Leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland; Mary Stuart's rival

Philipp Melanchton

Luther's close friend that helped him put forth his chief doctrines in the Augsburg Confession

John Calvin

Swiss reformer in Geneva; wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Wycliffe

The "Morning Star of the Reformation"Kublai Khan Last of the Great Khans; grandson to Genghis Khan

Babur

A descendant of greatest Asian conquerors; established the Mughal Empire

Batu Khan

Led the Mongols into Europe

Akbar

Brilliant military strategist; would expand empire to the Krishna River

Genghis Khan

Title that means "universal ruler"

Mughal

Under this empire, Indian civilization would be transformed

Aurangzeb

Doubled the size of India; would imprison his father and execute his brother

Akbar

Promoted education in his empire

Hernando Cortes

"The greatest of the conquistadors"; subdued the Aztec leader Montezuma and his people

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer that founded the city of New Amsterdam

Marco Polo

While imprisoned in Italy he stirred the popular imagination with his findings

Marquette & Joliet

Jesuit missionaries that explored the Mississippi River and named the Mississippi Valley for France

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer that sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and eventually to India

John Cabot

Led the first English expedition to North America; paved the way for the founding of the English colonies

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Discovered the Pacific Ocean

Prince Henry

"The Navigator"; helped pave the way for Portugal's early exploration success

Francisco Pizarro

Probably the cruelest of all the conquistadors; conquered the Incan empire for Spain

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer that fell short of his goal but made four otherwise successful trips to the Americas

Hernando de Soto

Explored what became the southeastern United States; discovered the Mississippi River

Bartholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer that sailed to the tip of Africa and founded Cape of Good Hope

Samuel de Champlain

"The Father of New France"; explored and colonized the area around the St. Lawrence River

Francisco Coronado

Explored what became the southwestern United States; discovered the Grand Canyon

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer that attempted the first circumnavigation of the world; his crew finished the journeyPeasants Which one of the following was not a common class of people during the Middle Ages? (Clergy, nobility, middle, peasants)

Petrine Theory

The theory that Christ made Peter the first pope and gave him supreme authority of the church on earth

Clovis

Which one of the following became "King of the Franks" and gained a lasting alliance with the church?

Charles Martel

What mayor reunited the Franks?

Treaty of Verdun

Which of the following treaties split Charlemagne's empire into three separate kingdoms?

Vassal

The steward of a fief under the feudal system was the

Land

What commodity was the basis of wealth and power during the feudal age?

Serf

The majority of those living on the manor were known as

College of Cardinals

What church institution was created so that the Catholic Church could choose their own popes without interference from the Roman nobles or German Kings?

Charlemagne

Who is also known as Charles the Great?

Guild

Whose primary function was it to regulate the business activity of a given town in medieval Europe?

Master

Which of the following was not one of the three classes of members within the craft guild?

Universitas

United for the common purpose of education

Vernacular

The common spoken language used in literature is known as

England and France

The One Hundred Years' War was between