Exam V study guide terms and practice questions

Selye’s term for the initial response to stress in the general adaptation syndrome

alarm reaction

the structure detecting threats and primary reinforcers; bilateral damage mainly impairs recognizing another’s fear

amygdala

your pattern of autonomic responses to emotional stimuli stays consistent across your lifespan

autonomic response consistency

a disorder marked by trouble moving eyes to an object, inability to reach for seen objects, and attention to only one feature at a time

Bálint's syndrome

brain derived neurotropic factor, whose repair function is blocked by high sustained cortisol in depression

BDNF

drugs that enhance GABA-mediated inhibition

benzodiazepines

a structure whose electrical stimulation can stop conscious awareness

claustrum

a theory challenged by evidence that different emotions may involve different autonomic changes

cognitive theory of emotion

the stress hormone whose high sustained levels in depression can directly harm neurons, interfere with neurogenesis, and block BDNF repair

cortisol

learned conventions that may mask facial expressions of emotion

cultural display rules

immune signaling molecules that produce lethargy and motivate rest during illness

cytokines

the rest-state network, frequent activation during a task such as proofreading increases errors

default mode network

the top-down attention network including the frontal eye fields and intraparietal sulcus

dorsal frontoparietal system

a prefrontal division (with the orbitofrontal cortex) whose damage impairs judgement and planning

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

voluntary, top-down attention, which can be sustained longer than exogenous attention

endogenous attention

reflexive, bottom up, attention captured by salient events

exogenous attention

the claim that facial expression influences emotional experience; supported by Botox, Bells palsy, and Parkinson’s evidence, but the effect is small and highly context dependent

facial feedback hypothesis

agents whose dopamine blockade produces movement disorders; second generation drugs pose a lower motor side effect risk

first generation antipsychotics

the region of reduced activity in schizophrenia, impairing executive functions

frontal lobe

self-regulation treatments shown effective for depression

HRV biofeedback and neurofeedback

failure to notice an unexpected but visible object while attending elsewhere- as when radiologists miss a superimposed gorilla

inattentional blindness

impaired detection of stimuli at the former location of a task relevant cue

inhibition of return

a region illustrating the reverse inference problem; it activates both when we love and when we are disgusted by something

insula

the theory that bodily arousal precedes nd produces the emotion- not that they occur simultaneously

James-Lange theory

an agent whose infusion and nasal spray forms reduced depressive symptoms faster than SSRIs or TCAS’s

ketamine

we cannot directly control our thoughts and emotions, though many believe we should

Khazan’s caution

an event related potential component; the auditory P3 is found over the parietal lobe and reflects higher order auditory processing. P1, N2, and P3 are all obtained by averaging EEG receptors to repeated stimuli

P3 (P300)

increasing task load decreases the perceptual resources available for unattended items

Perceptual load

misfiled proteins causing mad cow disease (spongiform encephalopathy )

prions

a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

prozac (fluoxetine)

a thalamic nucleus that shifts attentional focus

pulvinar nucleus

Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy, supported by a double blind randomized controlled trial

SAINT

a disorder involving frontal hyperactivity, enlarged ventricles from loss of adjacent tissue, and the glutamate model of hypofrontality derived from PCP research

schizophrenia

a transmitters whose levels may moderate aggression

serotonin

a promising EEG biomarker for inflammation- related brain dysfunction

spindling excessive beta

high stress combined with the belief that stress is harmful increases risk of premature death

stress mindset

a procedure providing cues that predict where a target will appear

symbolic cuing

an antipsychotic induced movement disorder that can emerge about 6 months after starting treatment

tardive dyskenesia

a hormone that rises in men merely from backing a winning team

testosterone

conscious, voluntary, goal directed control of attention

top down attention

rapid detection of a target possessing a salient distinguishing feature such as unique color, orientation, or shape

visual pop out

A major difficulty with the cognitive theory of emotions is that

there may be a specific pattern of autonomic arousal for each emotion.

According to Alan J. Fridlund, a major role of facial expression is

to provide emphasis and direction in conversation

According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions

are used for communication

According to Hans Selye, the initial response to stress is a state he called the

alarm reaction

According to John Cacioppo, evidence for autonomic differentiation within categories of emotions

remains inconclusive

According to Lacey and Lacey, responses of various bodily systems show distinct patterns that are specific to the individual. They call this characteristic

individual response stereotypy

Children who torture animals have been found to have

decreased levels of 5-HIAA in the CSF.

In humans, diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with

aggression and violence

Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in

emotional expression

Mark and Ervin have argued that some human violence is

related to temporal lobe seizure activity

Longitudinal studies have found that individual response stereotypy in autonomic responses to emotional stimuli

is invariant over the life span

Research using fMRI suggests that feelings of romantic love, as opposed to friendship, are associated with reduced activity of the

posterior cingulate and amygdala

The polygraph, which is claimed to serve as a lie detector, measures

autonomic activity

Which of the following is not an aspect of emotions?

hunger

Which of the following is not an attribute of the type A personality?

submission to authority

William Redican, in his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, argued that the distinctive primate expression labeled grimace is analogous to human

fear or surprise

Studies have found that people presented with photographs of a model rate the face as more emotionally expressive if the photographs are

a composite of 2 left halves

Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of

trustworthiness

In fear conditioning, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

Decorticate rage refers to

sudden, intense, poorly directed rage provoked by ordinary stimuli

A model of schizophrenia presented by Mirsky and Duncan emphasizes that schizophrenia emerges from

the interaction of stress, genetics, and anatomical abnormalities of the brain

A patient who is given L-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease may

develop schizophrenia-like symptoms

About _______% of severely disabled OCD patients who underwent cingulotomy benefited substantially.

33

According to Eugen Bleuler, primary symptoms of schizophrenia include: ambivalence, autism, or affective disturbance

all of the above

At least 40% of patients with panic disorder have anatomical anomalies of the

temporal lobes

Compared with the data from controls, PET scans of patients with depression show

increases in blood flow in the frontal cortex and amygdala

Depressed patients show _______ in REM sleep.

increases

Elaine Walker and E. Fuller Torrey are researchers who have studied

schizophrenia

Genes encoding which of the following substances have been associated with schizophrenia: Dysbindin, Neuregulin 1, or G72

all of the above

Hideyo Noguchi discovered the relationship between

psychosis and syphillis

In normal subjects, the substance dexamethasone

surpasses cortisol levels

MRI studies of the brains of people with Tourette's syndrome have revealed that, on average, Tourette's patients have _______ compared to normal subjects.

smaller motor cortex

On the basis of studies of the properties of phencyclidine, a _______ hypothesis of schizophrenia has been advanced.

glutamate

People with panic disorder show increased metabolic activity of which region of the brain?

Parahippocampal gyrus

Sufferers from combat-related PTSD may experience memory problems as a result of cell loss in the _______ produced by _______.

hippocampus; high levels of glucocorticoids

The drug Prozac is an example of a

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

The notion of "first-rank" symptoms of schizophrenia is associated with

Kurt Schneider

Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some patients with schizophrenia appears to develop from

decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue

Which of the following is not a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

social withdrawal

Which of the following medical conditions may induce depression secondary to excessive secretion of ACTH?

Cushing’s syndrome

Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual's sensory orientation is called

overt attention

Computer reconstructions indicate that the primary site of brain damage suffered by Phineas Gage was

orbitofrontal cortex of both hemispheres

Damage to the _______ in humans produces difficulties in suppressing unwanted reorientation of the eyes toward peripheral distracters.

frontal eye field

Directed attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli is controlled by the _______ system.

temporalpartietal system

ERP stands for _______ potential.

event-related

Hemispatial neglect can occur with damage to the

right inferior parietal cortex

House cats are most successful at detecting prey when

their attention is guided by a combination of cues

In economic decision-making, the valuation system is mediated by the

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Selectively seeking and attending to a visual stimulus increases activity of contralateral visual areas, evidenced by the

N2pc wave

The P3 effect of auditory processing is associated with _______ processing.

late-selection