histology unit 4,5,6

Hooooo boy, strap in and git 'er done

thymus

• exocrine, produces T cells

• not present as much in adults

cortex of the thymus

contains t cells

macrophage (shown in the thymus)

medulla of the thymus

tonsil

• pat of lymph system

• produces WBCs

(tissue type)

stratified squamous epi

• shown on the tonsil

lymph nodules

• aggregation of lymphocytes that have germinal centers

crypts of tonsils

• where the food and such enters/is tested

lymph node

• clumps/clusters

region of organ

cortex of lymph node

region of organ

(structure)

nodules

spleen

• solid organ

“white” pulp

• made up of lymphocytes

• lots of basophils

“red” pulp

• filters and degrades RBCs

pancreas

• looks like a shitty purple unicorn horn

• exocrine secretes digestive enzymes

• endocrine releases insulin and glucagon

lobe (red) and lobule (blue) of the pancreas

type of cell

exocrine cells of the pancreas

• secrete insulin and glucagon

• shaped like a slice of pie

structure

islet of Langerhans of the pancreas

• endocrine cell

• secrete hormones for digestion

parotid gland

• you can tell bc of the of the white holes

• secretes mucus and watery fluid

serous cells of the salivary glands

• secrete serous fluid

mucous cells of the salivary gland

• secrete mucus

mammary gland

• has many open holes, of varying sizes

• has very light pink in open holes

• produces milk

prostate gland

• secretes prostatic fluid???

• identifiable by the dark purple structures

parathyroid gland

• identifiable by the fact its dark purple

chief cells of parathyroid gland

thymus

• LARGE tightly packed lymphocytes

thyroid gland

• pretty opaque pink colloid

• identifiable by the follicles

thyroid follicles

• the precursor of thyroid hormones

pituitary gland

anterior pituitary

• secretes GH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, FSL, LH

chromaphils of the pituitary

• secrete hormones

chromaphobes of the pituitary

• do not secrete hormones

posterior pituitary

• secretes ADH and oxytocin

• mostly made up of neurons

adrenal gland

capsule of adrenal gland

adrenal cortex

• made up of zona glomerulosa (aldosterone)

• zona fasiculata (cortisol)

• zona reticularis (sex hormones)

adrenal medulla

• secretes catecholamines

(layer)

zona glomerulosa of the adrenals

• secretes aldosterone

• has lots of dark spots

(layer)

zona fasiculata of the adrenals

• secretes cortisol

• has the trabeculae and one central nucleus

(layer)

zona reticularis

• secretes precursors to testosterone

RBC

platelets

neutrophil

• polymorphonucleic

• lighter outside stain/granules

eosinophils

• red granules

• double lobed nuclei

lymphocyte

• purpley, not a huge amount of cell visible outside of the nucleus

monocyte

• massive

• usually kidney bean shaped nuclei

aorta

(layer)

tunica intima of the aorta

• mostly elastic fibers in subendothelial CT

(layer)

tunica media of the aorta

• contain smooth muscle and elastic fibers

tunica adventitia of artery

• outer layer

• little to no elastic

muscular vs elastic artery

• elastic arteries face large pressure changes and need to stretch to accommodate blood. Think of the aorta for this

• muscular arteries have more muscle around them, aka can be constricted more often. Think of peripheral arteries

epiglottis

tissue type

strat. squamous non-keratinized epi

• found on anterior/lingual surface of epiglottis

(tissue type)

respiratory epi

• aka ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

• found on posterior/trachea side of the epiglottis

tissue type

lamina propria of the epiglottis

• supports epithelium

trachea

• air to lungs

• has respiratory epi on the lumen

• C shaped cartilage with muscle to expand with swallowed food in esophagus

sero-mucous glands of the trachea

smooth muscle of the trachea

(organ)

lung

bronchiole cartilage of lung

terminal bronchiole of lung

(red line)

hard palate

• thin red horizontal plate

lower layer

mucous membrane of hard palate

wavy lines

dermal papillaeZ

structure

rugae of soft palate

layer

submucosa

• dense irregular CT

• supports epi

esophagus

• note strat sq. epi

layer

mucosa of esophagus

• strat.squamous n-keratineized epi

• lamina propria

• muscular mucosae

1

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium of esophagus

2

lamina propria of esophagus

3

muscularis mucosa of the esophagus

layer

submucosa of the esophagus

• submucosal glands!

layer

muscularis externa of esophagus

specific layer

inner layer muscularis externa of esophagus

specific layer

outer layer muscularis externa of the esophagus

gastroesophageal junction

• notice the shift from strat squamous to simple columnar (with long linear/coiled glands)

tissue type

simple columnar epi of the stomach

layer

adventitia

gastric rugae

gastric pits

• have mucosal cells (lighter pink/clear)

gastric glands

parietal cells of the stomach

• secrete HCL

• closer to the lumen of the stomach

chief cells of the stomach

• secrete pepsinogen

muscular layers of the stomach

1. inner oblique layer

2. middle circular layer

3. outer longitudinal layer

duodenum

• purple “bubbles” secrete bicarbonate to neutralize

• duodenum has circular folds or spiraled rings along the surface

• notice the villi and microvilli

pyloric sphincter

gastroduodenal junction

• notice how thicky the muscle is around the stomach, as well as the rugae

• notice the thicky sphincter

• notice the villi or the duodenum

brunners gland of the duodenum

• secrete bicarbonate

• in the submucosa

jejunum

• notice the submucosa is small af

• notice the intestinal crypts are very convoluted

• notice a lack of modifications to the submucosa

• some of this structure doesn’t have serosa

ilium

• notice the short villi

• notice the immune tissue in the submucosa (peyers patches)

peyer’s patch

• cluster of lymphocytes in the ilium

large intestine

• notice the lack of villi

• abundant lamina propria

• areas of thick longitudinal muscle

• some lymphoid tissue

vermiform appendix

• notice the absurd amount of lymphocytes

• no villi

tenia coli

• where the longitudinal muscle is thicky in the colon

• usually three tenia coli on each cross section

• causes the lumpy appearance of the lg. intestines/haustra

intestinal crypts of lieberkuhn

• TONS of goblet cells

recto-anal junction

• notice the goblet cells and crypts of the colon

• notice the stratified squamous cells of the anus

lobules of the liver

• has arteries and veins and bile ducts at the “corners” aka portal triads

• has a central vein for absorbed things to leave

liver

• “sponge” bc it processes blood/nutrients/etc

• notice geometric shapes and holes

portal triad of the liver

• capillary/AV and bile duct