SC 211-1 Earth and Space Quiz 2

Conglomerate

cemented gravel

Clay

can refer to minerals & partial size

Sandstone

compacted or cemented sand

Shale

soft rock compacted from thin layers of mud or silt

Limestone

Precipitated chemicals from shell fragments

Chalk

made from limestone

Chert (chemical)

Microcrystalline quarts

Smooth rocks that have hard, sharp edges

Flint

made of chert

Jasper

made of chert

Metamorphic rocks

Formed from other rocks by heat and/or pressure

Foliation

Arrangement of the grains in parallel layers

Caused by a uniform, direct pressure

Slate

formed from clay at low temperature

Schist

formed from shale at a higher temperature

Gneiss

formed from nearly any rock from any high temp/pressure

Marble

formed from limestone at high temp/pressure

Quartzite

formed from sandstone at high temp/ pressure

Earthquakes

Rapid vibrations of rocks near the Earth's surface

Faults

fracture lines where there has been sudden movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust

Earthquake zones

About 95 percent of the major earthquakes occur in a few narrow zones.

percentage of earthquakes on Pacific coast

80%

percentage of earthquakes in Central Asia to southern Europe

15%

Body waves

earthquake waves travelling through the Earth's interior

P waves

1. Travel fast

2. First, get to the surface

3. Longitudinal waves (push-pull motion)

S waves

1. Travel slower

2. Secondary to get to the surface

3. Transverse waves (oscillate perpendicular)

4. Cannot travel through liquids

Love waves

1. Horizontal transverse waves (kinda like the slithering of a snake)

2. Most earthquakes cause damage

Surface waves

Travel at the surface

Rayleigh waves

1. Circular waves

2. Slowest earthquake waves

Wave speed

1. Speed of waves reveals the density of the Earth

1. Abrupt changes reveal changes in the Earth's layers

Shadow zone

1. Regions of the world where P & S waves do not reach

2. Beyond, P waves are found, but no S waves

Moho

1. The boundary between the crust and the mantle

2. Bends P & S waves

Mantle

1. Makes up 84% of the Earth's mantle

a. Pressure increases the deeper we go

2. Contains minerals in their most compact form

4. Bens' P & S waves

Core

1. Molten Metal in the Earth's interior (outer core)

2. Blocks S waves

3. Inner. Core is solid

Geomagnetism

A. Earth's magnetic field

B. Caused by currents from the molten core

C. The geomagnetic pole is 11 degrees away from the geographical poles