unit 2 simplified vocab

Agricultural density

Farmers per unit of arable land.

Arithmetic density

Number of people per total land area.

Physiological density

People per unit of arable land.

Carrying capacity

Maximum sustainable population for an area.

Census

Official count of a region's population.

Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy during intercourse.

Crude death rate

Deaths per 1,000 people yearly.

Crude birth rate

Births per 1,000 people yearly.

Demographic transition

Model showing population growth over time.

Demography

Statistical study of human populations.

Dependency ratio

Nonworking dependents compared to working population.

Doubling time

Time needed for population to double.

Ecumene

Permanently inhabited land by humans.

Epidemiological transition

Changing patterns of mortality and diseases.

Infant mortality rate

Infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

Average years a person is expected to live.

Thomas Malthus

Predicted population would outgrow food supply.

Antinatalism

Discouraging births to reduce population growth.

Pronatalism

Encouraging people to have more children.

Natural increase rate (NIR, RNI)

Births minus deaths, showing population growth.

Neomalthusians

Warn about resource limits from overpopulation.

Overpopulation

Too many people for available resources.

Population pyramid

Graph showing age and gender distribution.

Replacement fertility

Fertility rate needed to replace population.

Sex ratio

Number of males per 100 females.

Total fertility rate

Average children born to a woman.

Migration

Movement of people from place to place.

Brain drain/gain

Skilled workers leaving or returning home.

Chain migration

Migration following family or community members.

Circulation

Short-term, repeated movements of people.

Diaspora

Scattered people maintaining cultural identity.

Emigration

Leaving a country to live elsewhere.

Immigration

Moving into a country for settlement.

Forced migration

Migration due to threats or disasters.

Voluntary migration

Migration by personal choice, not forced.

Guest worker

Temporary worker in a foreign country.

Internal migration

Migration within a country's borders.

International migration

Migration across national borders.

Intervening obstacle

Barrier preventing or delaying migration.

Intervening opportunity

Better opportunity found during migration journey.

Migration stream

Common origin-destination path of migrants.

Migration selectivity

Who migrates based on demographics.

Net migration

Immigrants minus emigrants of a country.

Push factor

Something encouraging people to leave.

Pull factor

Something attracting people to migrate.

Ravenstein's laws

Migrants move short distances, often urban.

Refugee

Person fleeing home due to danger.

Remittance

Money migrants send to home country.

Step migration

Migration in stages toward final destination.

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock for grazing.

Urbanization

Growth of cities as populations move.

Suburbanization

Shift from city centers to suburbs.

Moral restraint

Delaying marriage and childbirth for population control.