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Agglomeration
Grouping of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective use of infrastructure and labor resources.
Ancillary Activities/Multiplier Effect
Economic activities supporting large-scale industries like shipping and food service.
Backwash Effects
Negative impacts on one region due to economic growth in another region.
Break-Bulk Point
Location where large shipments are divided into smaller containers for local delivery.
Brick-and-Mortar Businesses
Traditional businesses with physical stores for trade.
Bulk-Gaining Industries
Industries where products weigh more after assembly.
Bulk-Reducing Industries
Industries where final products weigh less than raw materials.
Commodity Dependence
Reliance of peripheral economies on raw material exports.
Conglomerate Corporation
Firm comprising smaller firms serving various functions.
Core
Regions with concentrated economic power, wealth, and technology.
Core-Periphery Model
Model defining underdeveloped countries' dependence on a developed core.
Cottage Industry
Industry based in homes rather than factories.
Deglomeration
Dispersal of an industry from an established agglomeration.
Deindustrialization
Loss of industrial activity in a region.
Development
Process of economic growth and resource potential realization.
E-Commerce
Web-based economic activities.
Economic Backwaters
Regions not benefiting from national economic development.
Ecotourism
Sustainable tourism focused on nature or culture.
Export-Processing Zone
Area with favorable conditions to attract export-oriented industries.
Fast World
Regions with high connectivity due to advanced technologies.
Footloose Firms
Firms where transport costs don't determine location.
Fordism
Standardized mass production system attributed to Henry Ford.
Foreign Investments
Overseas investments by private companies.
Gender Equity
Measure of opportunities for women compared to men.
Globalization
Increasing global interconnectedness.
Gross Domestic Product
Total value of goods and services produced within a country.
Gross National Product
Total value of goods and services produced by residents of a country.
Human Development Index
UN measure based on life expectancy, education, and income.
Industrial Revolution
Rapid changes in manufacturing in England in the late 18th century.
Industrialization
Economic evolution from basic goods to mass production.
Industrialized Countries
Countries at the forefront of industrial production.
Least-Cost Theory
Optimal location of manufacturing based on transport and labor costs.
Least-Developed Countries
Countries with low productivity and standards of living.
Manufacturing Region
Region with clustered manufacturing activities.
Maquiladoras
US firms' factories near the US-Mexico border.
Microlending
Provision of small loans to encourage small business development.
Net National Product
Measure of goods produced minus natural resource degradation.
Nonrenewable Resources
Resources like fossil fuels that don't replenish quickly.
Offshore Financial Centers
Areas promoting business transactions.
Outsourcing
Sending industrial processes for external production.
Periphery
Countries with low productivity and standards of living.
Primary Economic Activities
Activities involving natural resources.
Productivity
Measure of goods and services produced in a country.
Purchasing-Power Parity
Monetary measurement considering buying power.
Quaternary Economic Activities
Activities like research and administration.
Quinary Economic Activities
High-level decision-making for large corporations.
Regionalization
Process where regions develop distinct economic activities.
Renewable Resources
Resources replenishing in a short period.
Rostow’s Stages of Development
Model describing a country's economic progression.
Secondary Economic Activities
Activities processing raw materials.
Semiperiphery
Newly industrialized countries with median standards of living.
Service-Based Economies
Economies focusing on services.
Slow World
Developing world with limited high-speed technology benefits.
Spatially Fixed Costs
Input costs in manufacturing that remain constant.
Spatially Variable Costs
Input costs in manufacturing varying by location.
Specialty Goods
Individually assembled or small quantity goods.
Sustainable Development
Meeting current needs without hindering future generations.
Tertiary Economic Activities
Market exchange activities like retail and transportation.
Transnational Corporation
Firm operating in at least two countries.
World Cities
Cities forming a global control system for finance and commerce.
World-Systems Theory
Theory explaining core, periphery, and semiperiphery connections.
Action Space
Geographical area where an individual interacts daily.
Beaux Arts
City planning movement combining classical and industrial forms.
Blockbusting
Encouraging property sales by stoking
Inner-City Decay
Large urban areas losing populations due to industrial changes or migration to suburbs, leading to poverty.
Islamic Cities
Cities in Muslim countries structured around mosques, walls, markets, and dead-end streets.
Latin American Cities
Cities in Latin America shaped by colonialism, industrialization, and rapid population growth.
Medieval Cities
European cities from the Medieval Period with dense development, narrow streets, churches, and defensive walls.
Megacities
Urban areas in the developing world with rapid population growth, chaotic development, pollution, and poverty.
Megalopolis
Large urban complex formed by merging separate metropolitan areas.
Metacities
Urban regions with dense cores, suburbs, and green spaces, including squatter settlements in developing countries.
Metropolitan Area
US urban area with multiple county units acting as an economic whole.
Modern Architecture
View of cities and buildings as efficient structures dominated by concrete and glass.
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Urban form with multiple centers of business and cultural activity.
New Urbanism
Urban planning movement promoting mixed-use development and pedestrian-friendly cities.
Node
Geographical center of activity in cities like Los Angeles.
Postmodern Architecture
Architectural reaction to modernism, using historical styles, lightheartedness, and eclecticism.
Primate City
Leading city in a country with a disproportionately large population.
Rank-Size Rule
Population distribution rule inversely proportional to city rank in a country's hierarchy.
Sector Model
Urban land use model with a central business district and sectors radiating outward.
Segregation
Result of suburbanization isolating individuals in central city pockets due to affluent migration.
Squatter Settlements
Poverty-stricken residential areas outside cities on unowned land.
Suburbs
Homogeneous residential communities outside city centers.
Urban-Growth Boundaries
Geographical limits around cities to control suburban expansion.
Federalism
A system of government where power is distributed among geographical territories instead of a central government.
Frontier
An area where borders are shifting and weak, where different cultures meet and claim land.
Geometric Boundaries
Political boundaries defined by straight lines.
Geopolitics
Study of political relations in a territorial context.
Gerrymandering
Designation of voting districts to favor a political party.
Heartland Theory
Mackinder's hypothesis that power in Eurasia could dominate the world.
Imperialism
Perpetuation of a colonial empire post-political sovereignty.
International Organization
Alliance of countries seeking cooperation without giving up autonomy.
Irredentism
Advocacy for the return of a territory to a former country.
Landlocked State
State surrounded by other states, with limited access to international trade routes.
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per year per thousand people.
Demographic Accounting Equation
An equation summarizing population growth or decline considering natural increase and net migration.
Demographic Transition Model
Describes the shift from high to low birth and death rates in a country over time.
Demography
Study of human populations, including their dynamics.
Dependency Ratio
Ratio of dependents to working individuals in a population.
Doubling Time
Time for a population to double with exponential growth.
