disparities

Health inequality

Difference in health

Health inequity

Unfair/avoidable health difference

SES

Income + education + occupation

SDoH

Conditions where people live, work, learn, etc.

Social causation

Social conditions → poor health

Social selection/drift

Poor health → lower SES

Incidence

New cases

Prevalence

All existing cases

Morbidity

Illness

Mortality

Death

Benchmark

Standard/target

Surveillance

Ongoing health-data tracking

Cortisol

Major stress hormone

Internalized racism

Racism within oneself

Interpersonal racism

Person-to-person

Institutional racism

Organization/system policies

Structural racism

Racism across larger systems

Tuskegee

Major unethical research study involving Black men with syphilis

Hispanic Paradox

Unexpectedly favorable mortality/life expectancy patterns despite socioeconomic disadvantages

Graft failure

Transplanted organ stops functioning

Social causation:

Poverty → poor health

Social selection:

Poor health → poverty

SES → SDoH →

Access to healthcare → Health outcomes

Racism → SDoH →

Stress/access/environment → Health disparities

access to health care is measured by if people can

afford, reach, or have health insurance

health affects

socioeconomic status

economic stability

sdoh condition

education access and quality

sdoh condition

healthcare access and quality

sdoh condition

neighborhood and built enviornment

sdoh condition

social and community context

sdoh condition

acute stress

short term

chronic stress

long term (telomeres)

stress hormone

cortisol

two neighborhoods can be physically close but have different outcomes

true

dr. david williams

researcher in racial disparities and health

Benchmark

goal/standard

Surveillance

tracking

Race

socially defined categories based on perceived physical characteristics

Ethnicity

Culture, Heritage, National origin

Healthy People

establishes national health goals and objectives for the United States.

Healthy People 1990

Focused heavily on prevention and reducing premature death.

Healthy People 2000

Focused on increasing years of healthy life and reducing disparities.

Healthy People 2010

Focused on increasing quality and years of healthy life and eliminating health disparities

Healthy People 2020

Focused on achieving a society where everyone can reach their full health potential, health equity and SDoH.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

The Tuskegee study involved Black men with syphilis in Alabama.

Issue of Tuskegee Study

not properly informed and were not given appropriate treatment after effective treatment became available.

Impact of Tuskegee Study

Distrust among some Black communities

language

minority barrier

culture

minority barrier

finances

minority barrier

awareness

minority barrier

access

minority barrier

There is no single explanation for the Hispanic Paradox.

true