CHEM 1050 (Chemistry in Context) Exam 2 - Clemson;

Which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming?

N2

Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because

their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate

The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately ______ percent and greater than ______ percent of the heat radiated by Earth.

80; 80

Scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined?

By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?

Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which

atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth

In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models?

1. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols

2. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover

3. Change in land use

4. Combustion of fossil fuels

Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon?

1. The growth of trees

2. Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean

The history of average global temperature for the last 160,000 years is derived from isotopic analysis of ice layers in Antarctica. Scientists study the ________ ratio in ________.

1H/2H; H2O

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is

H2O vapor

Where is most of the carbon on earth stored?

In the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks

Albedo

is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface

-the ability of a surface to reflect light

_________ ______ changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo

land use

What has the lowest albedo

ocean

covalent bond

a bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms

lewis structures

a representation of an atom or molecule that shows its outer electrons

polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)

thin clouds composed of tiny ice crystals formed from the small amount of water vapor present in the stratosphere

radiation

the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles

electromagnetic (EM) spectrum

continuum of waves that ranges from short, high-energy X-rays and gamma rays to long, low energy radio waves

wave-particle duality

both light and electrons can behave like waves and like particles

single covalent bond

formed when two electrons (one pair) are shared between two atoms

structural formula

a representation of how the atoms in a molecule are connected. It is a Lewis structure from which the nonbonding electrons have been removed

resonance forms

Lewis structures that represent hypothetical extremes of electron arrangements in a molecule

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

compounds composed of elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon (but do not contain the element hydrogen)

wavelength

the distance between successive peaks in a sequence of waves

frequency

the number of waves passing a fixed point in 1 second

quantized

an energy distribution that is not continuous, but rather consists of many individual steps

photon

a way of conceptualizing light as a particle that has energy but no mass

melanin

A pigment that gives the skin its color

valence electrons

outer electrons

lone pairs

non-binding electrons

octet rule

a generalization that electrons are arranged around atoms so that these atoms have a share in eight electrons. Hydrogen is an exception

double bond

a covalent bond consisting of two pairs of shared electrons

triple bond

a covalent linkage made up of three pairs of shared electrons

steady state

a condition in which a dynamic system is in balance so that there is no net change in concentration of the major species involved

catalyst

a chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate, without itself undergoing permanent change

crystallization

the process of dropping a solid out of a solution in a controllable manner in order to form a solid with an ordered structural array

molar mass

the mass of Avogadro's number, or one mole, of whatever particles are specified

enhanced greenhouse effect

the process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by Earth

anthropogenic

caused or produced by human activities, such as industry, transportation, mining, and agriculture

climate mitigation

any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property, or the environment

polyatomic ion

two or more atoms covalently bound together that have an overall positive or negative charge

solution

a homogeneous ( of uniform composition) mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes

solute

the solid, liquid, or gas that dissolves in a solvent

degasification

the process of a gas escaping from a liquid or solid

precipitation

the process of a solid dropping out of a homogeneous solution. usually this refers to rapid deposition of a solid, which forms an amorphous solid with a disordered structural array

precipitate

the solid deposited during a precipitation event, when a solid drops out of a homogenous solution. this generally refers to an amorphous solid, with no long-range structural order, but it can also be used to describe a crystalline solid deposited slowly from a solution

atomic mass

the mass (in grams) of the same number of atoms that are found in exactly 12g of carbon-12

mole

an Avogadro's number of objects

greenhouse effect

the natural process by which atmospheric gases trap a major portion (about 80%) of the infrared radiation radiated by Earth

greenhouse gases

gases capable of absorbing and emitting infrared radiation, thereby warming the atmosphere.

Examples include

-water vapor

-carbon dioxide

-methane

-nitrous oxide

-ozone

-chlorofluorocarbons

global warming

a popular term used to describe the increase in average global temperatures that results from an enhanced greenhouse effect

Electronegativity

a measure of the attraction of an atom for an electron in a chemical bond

infrared spectrometer

measures infrared (heat) energy that molecules absorb

climate

a term that describes regional temperatures, humidity, winds, rain, and snowfall over decades, not days.

weather

conditions that include the daily high and low temperatures, the drizzles and downpours, the blizzards and heat waves, and the fall breezes and hot summer winds, all of which have relatively short durations.

fossil fuels

combustible substances derived from the remnants of prehistoric organisms. The most common examples are coal, petroleum, and natural gas

anthropogenic forcings

man-made factors that influence Earth's energy balance

aerosols

liquid or solid particles that remain suspended in the air rather than settling out

carbon footprint

an estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions in a given time frame, usually a year

climate adaptation

the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes), to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences

What color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?

blue

__________ is the most energetic of the three forms of UV light

UV-C

DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the

ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm

Which contributes to the ozone layer?

chlorofluorocarbons

Montreal Protocol

treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world

Light behaves as

particle and wave

free radicals are

-highly reactive chemical species

-species with unpaired electrons

-species such as H• and •OH.

Decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to

-increased incidences of melanoma

-harm to young marine life

-increase of cataracts

Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?

chlorine atoms

HCFCs are a temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaced over the next 20 years by which class of compounds?

HFCs

Why are HFCs environmentally superior to the currently used HCFCs?

HFCs do not contain chlorine

the o2 molecule breaks apart at lower wavelengthd than the o3 molecule. why?

the average bond in o2 is shorter and stronger than that of o3

Why are HFCs inappropriate for long-term replacement of CFCs?

they absorb infrared radiation

What is special about the South Pole vs. the North Pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the south pole

Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the south pole

Which of the following is most biologically damaging type of radiation?

UV-C

Which compounds are used in mineral based sunscreens

ZnO and TiO2